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Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theoldrichgetricher
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 45
Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyablewhetheryouareabook-loverormerelytheretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.Butthedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible.Yousoonbecomeabsorbedinsomebookorotherandusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizethatyouhavespentfartoomuchtimethere. ThisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeisIthinkthemainattractionofabookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuchlikeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart’scontent.Ifitisagoodshopnoassistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyousir"Youneedn’tbuyanythingyoudon’twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinishedbrowsing.Thenandonlythenarehisservicesnecessary. Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisveryeasytoentertheshoplookingforabookonsayancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyofthelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing--somethingwhichhadonlyvaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubjecthoweverhappenedtobesowellillustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointerestingthatyoujusthadtobuyit.Thissortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Booksellersmustbebothlongsufferingandindulgent. Thereisastorywhichwei1illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatextbookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimtobuy.Hecouldn’tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.Everyafternoonthereforehewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.Onedayhoweverhewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandabouttoleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobereproachedhewenttowardhim.Tohissurprisetheownerpointedtothebookwhichwastuckedawayinacorner."Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit"hesaidandleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading. Accordingtothetextinagoodbookshop
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 1
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 13
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. BysigninganewFTAwithKoreaSOKU.S.wishesto
Thewillingnessofdoctorsatseveralmajormedicalcenterstoapologize.topatientsforharmfulerrorsisapromisingsteptowardimprovingtheratherdisappointingqualityofamedicalsystemthatkillstensofthousandsofinnocentpatientsayearinadvertently. Foryearsexpertshavelamentedthatmedicalmalpracticelitigationisaninefficientwaytodeterlethalordamagingmedicalerrors.Whattheynoticedsimplyputitisthatmostvictimsofmalpracticeneversueandthereissomeevidencethatmanypatientswhodosuewerenotharmedbyaphysician’serrorbutinsteadsufferedanadversemedicaloutcomethatcouldnothavebeenprevented.Thedetailsofwhatwentwrongareoftenkeptsecretaspartofasettlementagreement. Whatisneededmanyspecialistsagreeisasystemthatquicklybringsanerrortolightsothatfurthererrorscanbeheadedoffandthatcompensatesvictimspromptlyandfairly.Manydoctorsunfortunatelyhavebeenafraidthatadmittinganddescribingtheirerrorswouldonlyinviteacostlylawsuit. NowasdescribedbyKevinSackinTheTimesahandfulofprominentacademicmedicalcentershaveadoptedanewpolicyofpromptlydisclosingerrorsofferingearnestapologiesandprovidingfaircompensation.Itappearstosatisfymanypatientsreducelegalcostsandthelitigationburdenandinsomeinstanceshelpsreducemalpracticepremiums.HerearesomeexamplesfromcollegesoftheUnitedStates:attheUniversityofIllinoisof37caseswherethehospitalacknowledgedapreventableerrorandapologizedonlyonepatientfiledsuit;attheUniversityofMichiganHealthSystemexistingclaimsandlawsuitsdroppedfrom262inAugust2001to83inAugust2007andlegalcostsfellbytwo-thirds. Toencouragegreatercandormorethan30stateshaveenactedlawsmakingapologiesformedicalerrorsinadmissibleincourt.Thatsoundslikeasensiblestepthatshouldbeadoptedbyotherstatesorbecomefederallaw.Suchlawscouldhelpbringmoreerrorstolight.Patientswhohavebeenharmedbynegligentdoctorscanstillsueformalpracticeusingotherevidencetomaketheircase. Admittingerrorsisonlythefirststeptowardreformingthehealthcaresystemsothatfarfewermistakesaremade.Butreformscanbemoreeffectiveifdoctorsarecandidabouthowtheywentastray.Patientsseemfarlessangrywhentheyreceivean.honestexplanationanapologyandpromptfaircompensationfortheharmtheyhavesuffered. AccordingtoParagraph5lawsareenactedinmorethan30states
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2. 冬季的体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼一定要注意自我保健否则会适得其反冻坏身体冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰滑喾晨练冬泳等下面结合冬季气候作介绍 首先是着装问题服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡在冷天中多穿衣服衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气使传导散热过程减弱但在运动时机体的产热大大增加如果穿得过多反而有害应穿轻便的衣服这样在运动中产热增加时可以方便地脱掉近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进这样可以保证良好的隔热性同时又保证了活动的自由性 在寒冷环境下运动时机体能量代谢增强产热增加此时机体血管扩展大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力因此在运动间隙要特别注意保暖及时加衣寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大代谢水平高使身体内的能源物质消耗增多在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与如维生素B1B2B3烟酸维生素C等需求增加 因此对于从事滑冰滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食应注意增加较多的热量一般来说从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右据测算一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量在三大物质中因脂肪具有产热多的特点且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例一般可占全部热量的25%～30%而蛋白质也应偏高占12%～18%其余由糖来供给体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算蛋白质约需130克脂肪150克糖约480克相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右鸡肉100克瘦猪肉200克鸡蛋两个牛奶两杯植物油50克等 冰雪项目锻炼中膳食中的维生素也应相当增加维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力据文献称摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应增加机体耐寒能力 冬泳是我国北方的一大特色冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动必须掌握科学的方法反之就会影响身体健康甚至诱发疾病一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充冬泳前不要喝酒对于心肝肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病溃疡关节炎患者以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳 冬季有晨练习惯的人遇大雾天最好在室内进行晨练一是雾天能见度低容易发生交通事故二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物吸人人体易引起气管炎喉炎结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病另外冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘对于严重的疾病患者冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度以防旧病复发注意循序渐进掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则在天气过于寒冷时最好不要外出锻炼
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 11
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 15
Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyablewhetheryouareabook-loverormerelytheretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.Butthedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible.Yousoonbecomeabsorbedinsomebookorotherandusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizethatyouhavespentfartoomuchtimethere. ThisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeisIthinkthemainattractionofabookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuchlikeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart’scontent.Ifitisagoodshopnoassistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyousir"Youneedn’tbuyanythingyoudon’twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinishedbrowsing.Thenandonlythenarehisservicesnecessary. Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisveryeasytoentertheshoplookingforabookonsayancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyofthelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing--somethingwhichhadonlyvaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubjecthoweverhappenedtobesowellillustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointerestingthatyoujusthadtobuyit.Thissortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Booksellersmustbebothlongsufferingandindulgent. Thereisastorywhichwei1illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatextbookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimtobuy.Hecouldn’tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.Everyafternoonthereforehewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.Onedayhoweverhewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandabouttoleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobereproachedhewenttowardhim.Tohissurprisetheownerpointedtothebookwhichwastuckedawayinacorner."Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit"hesaidandleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading. Theauthorimpliesthatitisveryeasytoenterabookshopandbuy
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 41
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthegrowingFTAactivities
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. AccordingtosomeeconomiststherapidlyincreasingnumberofFTAshasthelurkinghazardof
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 5
InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesizednewmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythe"wiring"ofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental. Theterm"informationage"probablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageof"knowledgeanddistributedintelligence"inwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenomehascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome. DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering. 47Thisisanageofknowledgeanddistributedintelligenceinwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 7
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of-sightclassbecause
Thewillingnessofdoctorsatseveralmajormedicalcenterstoapologize.topatientsforharmfulerrorsisapromisingsteptowardimprovingtheratherdisappointingqualityofamedicalsystemthatkillstensofthousandsofinnocentpatientsayearinadvertently. Foryearsexpertshavelamentedthatmedicalmalpracticelitigationisaninefficientwaytodeterlethalordamagingmedicalerrors.Whattheynoticedsimplyputitisthatmostvictimsofmalpracticeneversueandthereissomeevidencethatmanypatientswhodosuewerenotharmedbyaphysician’serrorbutinsteadsufferedanadversemedicaloutcomethatcouldnothavebeenprevented.Thedetailsofwhatwentwrongareoftenkeptsecretaspartofasettlementagreement. Whatisneededmanyspecialistsagreeisasystemthatquicklybringsanerrortolightsothatfurthererrorscanbeheadedoffandthatcompensatesvictimspromptlyandfairly.Manydoctorsunfortunatelyhavebeenafraidthatadmittinganddescribingtheirerrorswouldonlyinviteacostlylawsuit. NowasdescribedbyKevinSackinTheTimesahandfulofprominentacademicmedicalcentershaveadoptedanewpolicyofpromptlydisclosingerrorsofferingearnestapologiesandprovidingfaircompensation.Itappearstosatisfymanypatientsreducelegalcostsandthelitigationburdenandinsomeinstanceshelpsreducemalpracticepremiums.HerearesomeexamplesfromcollegesoftheUnitedStates:attheUniversityofIllinoisof37caseswherethehospitalacknowledgedapreventableerrorandapologizedonlyonepatientfiledsuit;attheUniversityofMichiganHealthSystemexistingclaimsandlawsuitsdroppedfrom262inAugust2001to83inAugust2007andlegalcostsfellbytwo-thirds. Toencouragegreatercandormorethan30stateshaveenactedlawsmakingapologiesformedicalerrorsinadmissibleincourt.Thatsoundslikeasensiblestepthatshouldbeadoptedbyotherstatesorbecomefederallaw.Suchlawscouldhelpbringmoreerrorstolight.Patientswhohavebeenharmedbynegligentdoctorscanstillsueformalpracticeusingotherevidencetomaketheircase. Admittingerrorsisonlythefirststeptowardreformingthehealthcaresystemsothatfarfewermistakesaremade.Butreformscanbemoreeffectiveifdoctorsarecandidabouthowtheywentastray.Patientsseemfarlessangrywhentheyreceivean.honestexplanationanapologyandpromptfaircompensationfortheharmtheyhavesuffered. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsdoctors’heartyapologiesmaybesummarizedas
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 17
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 19
InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesizednewmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythe"wiring"ofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental. Theterm"informationage"probablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageof"knowledgeanddistributedintelligence"inwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenomehascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome. DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering. 49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 3
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41.______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthis.demandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42.______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43.______AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44.______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45.______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. ConventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversityAnareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 43
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 1
Directions:ForsomereasonyouneedtoborrowabookfromyourclassmateKate.WritealettertohertodescribethebookTheCompositionofAmericanHigherEducationInvestmentyouwanttoborrowspecifybywhenthebookwillbereturnedandexpressyourgratitude. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 47Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.
BeyondquestionClintonwassupposedtocloseupstayoutofsightandavoidsecond-guessinghiswife’sboss.AfterhisegoblusteredintooncomingtrafficduringHillary’sheatedprimaryrace1ObamathenationsufferedfromyetanotherturnofClintonfatigue. 2thisweekBillClintonshowedaninstinctforrobustinclusiveleadershipthatthe3WhiteHouseoccupantcouldmakegooduseofrightforthetimebeing.WithPresidentObamastrugglingto4thepoliticaldamagefromtheGulfoilspillClintonnotonlycan’thelphimself—he’sworthbeinglistened. Theconventional-wisdom5onPresidentObama’searlyreactiontothespillwas6hedidn’temoteenough.Hedidn’tfeelthe7ofallthosepeopleinthecrisiswhoselivelihoodwouldbedestroyedwhosecleanwatersandwildlifewouldbe8inblackgunk. Clintonconsidersthisisanunfair9butoffersadifferent—andmorepointed—lessontohisyoungsuccessor."Ithinkweoughtto10inthesameboatforawhile...Let’sjust11theproblemandthenwecanholdeverybodyresponsibleandemoteornotemote"Clintonconversed12CNNAnchorWolfBlitzer. Obama’sfirst13aftertheoilspillwasto"feeltheblame"ratherthan"feelthepain"whichareprettysarcasticwordsasitwere.NooneintendstoletBritishPetroleumBPmanagement14thehook—fordangerouslycuttingcornersandfora15safetyrecord.HoweverthePresident’s16focusonscoldingBPconsumed17WhiteHouseenergywhiletheoilgushed. Greatleadersdon’trushtocriticise;Insteadtheyinstinctively18solutions.RudyGiulianiwhodidn’tstoptoblame19intelligenceforlettingithappenstoodoutfromNewYorkmayorwithagirlfriendproblemto9/11herowhenhetookcontrolofacrisisandinstilledconfidencethataravagedcitycould20beyondaterroristattack. 9
Thewillingnessofdoctorsatseveralmajormedicalcenterstoapologize.topatientsforharmfulerrorsisapromisingsteptowardimprovingtheratherdisappointingqualityofamedicalsystemthatkillstensofthousandsofinnocentpatientsayearinadvertently. Foryearsexpertshavelamentedthatmedicalmalpracticelitigationisaninefficientwaytodeterlethalordamagingmedicalerrors.Whattheynoticedsimplyputitisthatmostvictimsofmalpracticeneversueandthereissomeevidencethatmanypatientswhodosuewerenotharmedbyaphysician’serrorbutinsteadsufferedanadversemedicaloutcomethatcouldnothavebeenprevented.Thedetailsofwhatwentwrongareoftenkeptsecretaspartofasettlementagreement. Whatisneededmanyspecialistsagreeisasystemthatquicklybringsanerrortolightsothatfurthererrorscanbeheadedoffandthatcompensatesvictimspromptlyandfairly.Manydoctorsunfortunatelyhavebeenafraidthatadmittinganddescribingtheirerrorswouldonlyinviteacostlylawsuit. NowasdescribedbyKevinSackinTheTimesahandfulofprominentacademicmedicalcentershaveadoptedanewpolicyofpromptlydisclosingerrorsofferingearnestapologiesandprovidingfaircompensation.Itappearstosatisfymanypatientsreducelegalcostsandthelitigationburdenandinsomeinstanceshelpsreducemalpracticepremiums.HerearesomeexamplesfromcollegesoftheUnitedStates:attheUniversityofIllinoisof37caseswherethehospitalacknowledgedapreventableerrorandapologizedonlyonepatientfiledsuit;attheUniversityofMichiganHealthSystemexistingclaimsandlawsuitsdroppedfrom262inAugust2001to83inAugust2007andlegalcostsfellbytwo-thirds. Toencouragegreatercandormorethan30stateshaveenactedlawsmakingapologiesformedicalerrorsinadmissibleincourt.Thatsoundslikeasensiblestepthatshouldbeadoptedbyotherstatesorbecomefederallaw.Suchlawscouldhelpbringmoreerrorstolight.Patientswhohavebeenharmedbynegligentdoctorscanstillsueformalpracticeusingotherevidencetomaketheircase. Admittingerrorsisonlythefirststeptowardreformingthehealthcaresystemsothatfarfewermistakesaremade.Butreformscanbemoreeffectiveifdoctorsarecandidabouthowtheywentastray.Patientsseemfarlessangrywhentheyreceivean.honestexplanationanapologyandpromptfaircompensationfortheharmtheyhavesuffered. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs
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