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下大雪清扫路面，避免行人跌伤，构成无因管理。( )
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构成无因管理之债的情形是
行人抢救落水儿童
拾得人以所有的意思占有他人抛弃之物
打扫公共场所
将盗窃物隐匿
某日天下大雪一行人被甲乙两车相撞而死后经交警查实该事故是因甲车驾驶员酒后驾车及刹车不及而乙车为避让撞
大雪天气
酒后驾车
甲车刹车不及
乙车避让
某日天下大雪一行人被AB两车相撞致死后经交通警察查实该事故是因A车驾驶员酒后驾车所致行人死亡的近因是
大雪天气
酒后驾车
A车撞击
B车撞击
某日天下大雪一行人被AB两车相撞致死后经交通警察查实该事故是因A车驾驶员酒后驾车所致则行人死亡的近因
大雪天气
酒后驾车
A车撞击
B车撞击
某日天下大雪一行人被AB两车相撞致死后经交通警察查实该事故是因A车驾驶员酒后驾车所致行人死亡的近因是
大雪天气
酒后驾车
A车撞击
B车撞击
某日天下大雪一行人被AB两车相撞致死后经交通警察查实该事故是因A车驾驶员酒 后驾车所致则行人死亡的近
大雪天气
酒后驾车
A车撞击
B车撞击
某日天下大雪一行人被AB两车相撞致死后经交通警察查实该事故是因A车驾驶员酒后驾车所致则行人死亡的近因
大雪天气
酒后驾车
A车相撞
B车相撞
下列有关无因管理的说法错误的是
无因管理人只要有认识能力即可，可以没有民事行为能力
管理人误将自己的事务作为他人的事务进行管理，不能成立无因管理；管理人误将他人的事务作为自己的事务管理的，可以成立无因管理
管理人为避免他人利益受损失而管理他人事务，同时也有为自己利益的动机或者自己也间接受益，不能构成无理
无因管理人可以是限制民事行为能力人
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Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries
Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentences]tarebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—GtofitintoeachofthenumberedblankTherearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting.SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood."Nowondertheydidharm.42____________.43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture.Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes.DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen.Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed.Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 44
Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat
Text3Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm.Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers.ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow.MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows.Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. In.thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthewordskyrocketedmostprobablymeans
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Directions: ATitle:ParentsaretooPermissivewithTheirChildrenNowadays BYourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOutlinegiveninChinesebelow: 1.孩子成为家庭的中心父母日渐失去应有的权威 2.父母对孩子的溺爱和忽视导致表少年犯罪 3.孩子的生活过于安逸对他们日后的成长不利 Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibrescancausecancer
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. Intheauthor'sopinionadivorceisnotanevilact
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentences]tarebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—GtofitintoeachofthenumberedblankTherearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting.SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood."Nowondertheydidharm.42____________.43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture.Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes.DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen.Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed.Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 42
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordlegitimatemostprobablymeans
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text3Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm.Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers.ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow.MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows.Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Bysayingthattheproblemsofmechanizingsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnaturetheauthormeans
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Evidencefromtheeconomistsandthebuildingindustriesshowsthat
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordshackledmeans
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