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The empty house, in a middle-class corner of southern California, is two storeys high and boasts a t...
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IoftenseelightsinthatemptyhousE.DoyouthinkI_____re
should
may
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3
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_______thehouseisemptymemoriesfloodmymindofatimewh
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_____someoldtableshishousewasalmostempty.
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Thelittlehousewasfullofsomany.memoriesPara.3means_
that the house remembers many, many things
that an important part of Mrs. Robson's life was spent there
that it was full of furniture
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Hehatedcominghometotheemptyhouse.
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wished
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Noonewaspermitted______theemptyhousewithouthisperm
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entering into
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Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 7
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 17
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 13
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet.FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon.Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly.SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecauseevencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions.Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon.ThereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrimesaysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow.Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 11
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike.IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness.Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon.HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners.ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas.U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood.StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet.FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon.Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly.SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecauseevencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions.Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon.ThereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrimesaysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce.Whatdoesthewordmaterialisemeaninthesecondparagraph
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41.______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscrambleforItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42.______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43.______Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44.______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45.______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition.TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself.[B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears.[C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart.[D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit.[F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation.[G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements.
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide. OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle. Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud. YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwarean"adjacentsoftwaremarket"inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered"bundling"whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike"commingling"softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals. JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike. Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat
Africa’selephantsaredividedbetweenthesavannahsofeasternandsouthernAfricaandtheforestsofcentralAfrica.Somebiologistsreckontheforestones-smallerwithshorterstraightertusks-mayevenconstituteadistinctspecies.Butnotforlongatthelatestrateofpoaching.ThehighpriceofivoryisincreasingtheincentivetokillelephantseverywhereinAfricaandespeciallyinplaceswherethereisvirtuallynolaw.ThelatestreportssuggestthattheforestelephantpopulationiscollapsingonthebackofrisingChinesedemandforivory.SomeconservationistsarguethatarecentdecisionbytheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesCITEStoauction108tonnesofstockpiledivoryfromsouthernAfricamaybepromptingmorepoachingincentralandeasternAfricaascriminalsseektomixillicitivoryinwiththelegitimatekind.Butsomeeconomistsmaintainthatthelegitimatesaleofivorylowerspricesthusdecreasingtheincentivetopoach.Astudyofaprevioussaleofivorysuggesteditdidnotleadtomoreintensivepoaching.EitherwaytheCongobasinishemorrhagingelephantssaysTRAFFICwhichmonitorstradeinwildlife.Theheadofthe790000-hectare1952000-acreVirungaNationalParkineasternCongoEmmanueldeMerodereportsthat24elephantshavebeenpoachedinhisparksofarthisyear.Thesituationisdire:2900elephantsroamedVirungawhenCongobecameindependentin1964400in2006andfewerthan200today.MosthavebeenpoachedbymilitiasparticularlyHuturebelsfromRwandawhohackofftheivoryandsellittomiddlemeninKinshasaCongo’scapitalwhothensmuggleittoChina.Onceivoryhasleftitscountryoforiginandifitisnotseizedbycustomsofficialsitcanbehardtoidentifyitssourceandthoseresponsibleforacquiringit.Butforensichelpmaybeathand.ScientistsfromtheUniversityofWashingtonareusinggeneticmarkersinelephantdungtoidentifyexactlywhereivoryhasbeenpoached.ThisshouldhelpgovernmentsincountriessuchasTanzaniaandZambiawhicharecapableofcatchingpoachersbutnotinanarchiceasternCongowhere120-oddrangershavebeenkilledinVirungainrecentyearstryingtoprotectelephantsandgorillas.WithaninfluxofbusinessmenandotherofficialsfromChinaengagedininfrastructureprojectssuchasroadbuildingandloggingtheslaughterisexpectedtoaccelerate.ForestelephantsmaysurviveinlargenumbersonlyinremoteprotectedpocketsoftheCongobasinsuchastheOdzala-KoukouaNationalParkinCongo-BrazzavilleandMinkebeNationalParkinnortheastGabon.AccordingtothetextwhatistheintentionoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesCITEStoauctionthestockpiledivory
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 15
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 3
IfphonecallsandwebpagescanbebeamedthroughtheairtoportabledevicesthenwhynotelectricalpowertooItisaquestionmanyconsumersanddevicemanufacturershavebeenaskingthemselvesforsometime.Buttoseasonedobserversoftheelectronicsindustrythepromiseofwirelessrechargingsoundsdepressinglyfamiliar.In2004SplashpoweraBritishtechnologyfirmwascitingverystronginterestfromconsumer-electronicsfirmsforitswirelesschargingpad.BasedontheprincipleofelectromagneticinductionEMIthatFaradayhaddiscoveredinthe19thcenturythecompany’sSplashpadcontainedacoilthatgeneratedamagneticfieldwhenacurrentflowedthroughit.Whenamobiledevicecontainingacorrespondingcoilwasbroughtnearthepadtheprocesswasreversedasthemagneticfieldgeneratedacurrentinthesecondcoilchargingthedevice’sbatterywithouttheuseofwires.UnfortunatelyalthoughFaraday’sprinciplesofelectromagneticinductionhavestoodthetestoftimeSplashpowerhasnot—itwasdeclaredbankruptlastyearwithouthavinglaunchedasingleproduct.Thankstoitssimplicity.andmeasurabilityelectromagneticinductionisstillthetechnologyofchoiceamongmanyoftheremainingcompaniesinthewireless-chargingarena.ButasSplashpowerfoundturningthetheoryintoprofitablepracticeisnotstraightforward.Butlatelytherehavebeensomepromisingdevelopments.ThefirstistheformationinDecember2008oftheWirelessPowerConsortiumabodydedicatedtoestablishingacommonstandardforinductivewirelesschargingandthuspromotingitsadoption.Thenewconsortium’smembersincludebigconsumer-electronicsfirmssuchasPhilipsandSanyoaswellasTexasInstrumentsachipmaker.Fiercecompetitionbetweenmanufacturersofmobiledevicesisalsoacceleratingtheintroductionofwirelesscharging.Thestarofthisyear’sConsumerElectronicsShowheldinLasVegaswasthePreasmart-phonefromPalm.ThePrehasanoptionalchargingpadcalledtheTouchstonewhichuseselectromagneticinductiontochargethedevicewirelessly.Aswireless-chargingequipmentbasedonelectromagneticinductionheadstowardsthemarketanumberofalternativetechnologiesarealsobeingdeveloped.PowerBeamastart-upbasedinSiliconValleyuseslaserstobeampowerfromoneplacetoanother.Itnowseemstobeamatterofwhenratherthanifwirelesschargingentersthemainstream.AndifthoseinthefielddofindthemselveslanguishinginthedisillusionmenttheycouldtakesomeencouragementfromFaradayhimself.Heobservedthatnothingistoowonderfultobetrueifitbeconsistentwiththelawsofnature.NotevenawirelesslyrechargeableiPhone.What’sthefinalgoaloftheWirelessPowerConsortium
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow.Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold.Compulsiveeatersaretypicalexampleof
Directions: YouarewritingtolaunchastrongcomplaintabouttheimpolitetreatmentthatyourguestsyourcolleagueandyoureceivedwhenyoumetinarestaurantontheeveoftheNewYearlastFridayevening.Yourlettershouldinclude: 1detaileddescriptionofyourexperience 2andyourstrongresentment. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41.______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscrambleforItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42.______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43.______Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44.______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45.______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition.TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself.[B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears.[C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart.[D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit.[F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation.[G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements.
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet.FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon.Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly.SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecauseevencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions.Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon.ThereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrimesaysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthecrimeoccurrencemaybeassociatedwith______.
OnceuponatimeAmericanstudentstestedbetterthananyotherstudentsintheworld.NowrankedagainstEuropeanschoolchildrenAmericadoesaboutaswellasLithuaniabehindatleast10othernations.46TherelativedeclineofAmericanedu-cationattheelementary-andhigh-schoollevelshaslongbeenanationalembarrass-mentaswellasathreattothenation’sfuture.Formuchofthistime--roughlythelasthalfcentury-professionaleducatorsbelievedthatiftheycouldonlyfindtherightmethodofinstructionallwouldbewell.47Howevernothingseemedtoachievesignificantorlastingimprovementsyetinrecentyearsresearchershavediscoveredsomethingthatmayseemobviousbutformanyreasonswasoverlookedordenied.Whatreallymakesadifferencewhatmattersmorethantheclasssizeorthetextbooktheteachingmethodorthetechnologyoreventhecurriculumisthequalityoftheteacher.Muchoftheabilitytoteachisinnate--anabilitytoinspireyoungmindsaswellascontrolunrulyclassroomsthatsomepeopleinstinctivelypossess.48Teachingcanbetaughttosomedegreebutnotthewaymanygradu-ateschoolsofeducationdoitwithalotofflatormarginallyrelevanttheorizingandteachingmethods.Inanycasetheresearchshowsthatwithinaboutfiveyearsyoucangenerallytellwhoisagoodteacherandwhoisnot.49Itisalsotrueandunfortunatethatoftentheweakestteachersareassignedtoteachtheneedieststudentspoorminoritykidsininner-cityschools:forthesechildrenteacherscanbemakeorbreak.Theresearchshowsthatkidswhohavetwothreefourstrongteachersinarowwilleventuallyexcelnomatterwhattheirback-groundwhilekidswhohaveeventwoweakteachersinarowwillneverrecoversaysKatiHaycockoftheEducationTrustandcoauthorofthe2006studyTeachingInequality:HowPoorandMinorityStudentsAreShortchangedonTeacherQuality.50Nothingthenismoreimportantthanhiringgoodteachersandfiringbadonesbuthereistherub:al-thoughmanyteachersarecaringandselflessteachinginpublicschoolshasnotalwaysattractedthebestandthebrightest.Thereoncewasatimewhenteachingalongwithnursingwasoneofthefewjobsnotdeniedtowomenandminorities.Butwithsocialprogressmanytalentedwomenandminoritieschoseotherandmorehighlycompensatedfields.Onerecentreviewshowedthatmostschoolteachersarerecruitedfromthebottomthirdofcollege-boundhigh-schoolstudents.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 9
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 1
Africa’selephantsaredividedbetweenthesavannahsofeasternandsouthernAfricaandtheforestsofcentralAfrica.Somebiologistsreckontheforestones-smallerwithshorterstraightertusks-mayevenconstituteadistinctspecies.Butnotforlongatthelatestrateofpoaching.ThehighpriceofivoryisincreasingtheincentivetokillelephantseverywhereinAfricaandespeciallyinplaceswherethereisvirtuallynolaw.ThelatestreportssuggestthattheforestelephantpopulationiscollapsingonthebackofrisingChinesedemandforivory.SomeconservationistsarguethatarecentdecisionbytheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesCITEStoauction108tonnesofstockpiledivoryfromsouthernAfricamaybepromptingmorepoachingincentralandeasternAfricaascriminalsseektomixillicitivoryinwiththelegitimatekind.Butsomeeconomistsmaintainthatthelegitimatesaleofivorylowerspricesthusdecreasingtheincentivetopoach.Astudyofaprevioussaleofivorysuggesteditdidnotleadtomoreintensivepoaching.EitherwaytheCongobasinishemorrhagingelephantssaysTRAFFICwhichmonitorstradeinwildlife.Theheadofthe790000-hectare1952000-acreVirungaNationalParkineasternCongoEmmanueldeMerodereportsthat24elephantshavebeenpoachedinhisparksofarthisyear.Thesituationisdire:2900elephantsroamedVirungawhenCongobecameindependentin1964400in2006andfewerthan200today.MosthavebeenpoachedbymilitiasparticularlyHuturebelsfromRwandawhohackofftheivoryandsellittomiddlemeninKinshasaCongo’scapitalwhothensmuggleittoChina.Onceivoryhasleftitscountryoforiginandifitisnotseizedbycustomsofficialsitcanbehardtoidentifyitssourceandthoseresponsibleforacquiringit.Butforensichelpmaybeathand.ScientistsfromtheUniversityofWashingtonareusinggeneticmarkersinelephantdungtoidentifyexactlywhereivoryhasbeenpoached.ThisshouldhelpgovernmentsincountriessuchasTanzaniaandZambiawhicharecapableofcatchingpoachersbutnotinanarchiceasternCongowhere120-oddrangershavebeenkilledinVirungainrecentyearstryingtoprotectelephantsandgorillas.WithaninfluxofbusinessmenandotherofficialsfromChinaengagedininfrastructureprojectssuchasroadbuildingandloggingtheslaughterisexpectedtoaccelerate.ForestelephantsmaysurviveinlargenumbersonlyinremoteprotectedpocketsoftheCongobasinsuchastheOdzala-KoukouaNationalParkinCongo-BrazzavilleandMinkebeNationalParkinnortheastGabon.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingiscorrect
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 19
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide. OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle. Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud. YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwarean"adjacentsoftwaremarket"inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered"bundling"whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike"commingling"softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals. JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike. WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheregulatorsPara.4Line4
IfphonecallsandwebpagescanbebeamedthroughtheairtoportabledevicesthenwhynotelectricalpowertooItisaquestionmanyconsumersanddevicemanufacturershavebeenaskingthemselvesforsometime.Buttoseasonedobserversoftheelectronicsindustrythepromiseofwirelessrechargingsoundsdepressinglyfamiliar.In2004SplashpoweraBritishtechnologyfirmwascitingverystronginterestfromconsumer-electronicsfirmsforitswirelesschargingpad.BasedontheprincipleofelectromagneticinductionEMIthatFaradayhaddiscoveredinthe19thcenturythecompany’sSplashpadcontainedacoilthatgeneratedamagneticfieldwhenacurrentflowedthroughit.Whenamobiledevicecontainingacorrespondingcoilwasbroughtnearthepadtheprocesswasreversedasthemagneticfieldgeneratedacurrentinthesecondcoilchargingthedevice’sbatterywithouttheuseofwires.UnfortunatelyalthoughFaraday’sprinciplesofelectromagneticinductionhavestoodthetestoftimeSplashpowerhasnot—itwasdeclaredbankruptlastyearwithouthavinglaunchedasingleproduct.Thankstoitssimplicity.andmeasurabilityelectromagneticinductionisstillthetechnologyofchoiceamongmanyoftheremainingcompaniesinthewireless-chargingarena.ButasSplashpowerfoundturningthetheoryintoprofitablepracticeisnotstraightforward.Butlatelytherehavebeensomepromisingdevelopments.ThefirstistheformationinDecember2008oftheWirelessPowerConsortiumabodydedicatedtoestablishingacommonstandardforinductivewirelesschargingandthuspromotingitsadoption.Thenewconsortium’smembersincludebigconsumer-electronicsfirmssuchasPhilipsandSanyoaswellasTexasInstrumentsachipmaker.Fiercecompetitionbetweenmanufacturersofmobiledevicesisalsoacceleratingtheintroductionofwirelesscharging.Thestarofthisyear’sConsumerElectronicsShowheldinLasVegaswasthePreasmart-phonefromPalm.ThePrehasanoptionalchargingpadcalledtheTouchstonewhichuseselectromagneticinductiontochargethedevicewirelessly.Aswireless-chargingequipmentbasedonelectromagneticinductionheadstowardsthemarketanumberofalternativetechnologiesarealsobeingdeveloped.PowerBeamastart-upbasedinSiliconValleyuseslaserstobeampowerfromoneplacetoanother.Itnowseemstobeamatterofwhenratherthanifwirelesschargingentersthemainstream.AndifthoseinthefielddofindthemselveslanguishinginthedisillusionmenttheycouldtakesomeencouragementfromFaradayhimself.Heobservedthatnothingistoowonderfultobetrueifitbeconsistentwiththelawsofnature.NotevenawirelesslyrechargeableiPhone.What’sthedifferencebetweenthetechnologyofSplashpowerandthatofPowerBeam
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. 5
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41.______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscrambleforItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42.______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43.______Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44.______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45.______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition.TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself.[B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears.[C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart.[D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance.[E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit.[F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation.[G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements.
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Accordingtothe3thparagraphMainStreetistofleshpotsas
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow.Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold.AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkowtheuseofdrugs
OnceuponatimeAmericanstudentstestedbetterthananyotherstudentsintheworld.NowrankedagainstEuropeanschoolchildrenAmericadoesaboutaswellasLithuaniabehindatleast10othernations.46TherelativedeclineofAmericanedu-cationattheelementary-andhigh-schoollevelshaslongbeenanationalembarrass-mentaswellasathreattothenation’sfuture.Formuchofthistime--roughlythelasthalfcentury-professionaleducatorsbelievedthatiftheycouldonlyfindtherightmethodofinstructionallwouldbewell.47Howevernothingseemedtoachievesignificantorlastingimprovementsyetinrecentyearsresearchershavediscoveredsomethingthatmayseemobviousbutformanyreasonswasoverlookedordenied.Whatreallymakesadifferencewhatmattersmorethantheclasssizeorthetextbooktheteachingmethodorthetechnologyoreventhecurriculumisthequalityoftheteacher.Muchoftheabilitytoteachisinnate--anabilitytoinspireyoungmindsaswellascontrolunrulyclassroomsthatsomepeopleinstinctivelypossess.48Teachingcanbetaughttosomedegreebutnotthewaymanygradu-ateschoolsofeducationdoitwithalotofflatormarginallyrelevanttheorizingandteachingmethods.Inanycasetheresearchshowsthatwithinaboutfiveyearsyoucangenerallytellwhoisagoodteacherandwhoisnot.49Itisalsotrueandunfortunatethatoftentheweakestteachersareassignedtoteachtheneedieststudentspoorminoritykidsininner-cityschools:forthesechildrenteacherscanbemakeorbreak.Theresearchshowsthatkidswhohavetwothreefourstrongteachersinarowwilleventuallyexcelnomatterwhattheirback-groundwhilekidswhohaveeventwoweakteachersinarowwillneverrecoversaysKatiHaycockoftheEducationTrustandcoauthorofthe2006studyTeachingInequality:HowPoorandMinorityStudentsAreShortchangedonTeacherQuality.50Nothingthenismoreimportantthanhiringgoodteachersandfiringbadonesbuthereistherub:al-thoughmanyteachersarecaringandselflessteachinginpublicschoolshasnotalwaysattractedthebestandthebrightest.Thereoncewasatimewhenteachingalongwithnursingwasoneofthefewjobsnotdeniedtowomenandminorities.Butwithsocialprogressmanytalentedwomenandminoritieschoseotherandmorehighlycompensatedfields.Onerecentreviewshowedthatmostschoolteachersarerecruitedfromthebottomthirdofcollege-boundhigh-schoolstudents.
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