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Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies ________ low accident rates plan their safety prog...
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Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies_______
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Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.Choosethemostsuitable headingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology. [B]Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms. [C]Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses. [D]Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics. [E]Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay. [F]Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture "OOOF!"Usingyourmouseyouheaveadatafileacrossthescreen--acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogramyouexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou’llbehikingonyourVacation.Thenusingaglovedhandyoumasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbendsitssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbelovedbendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss. 41．______________ ThescienceofhapticsfromtheGreekhaptesthai"totouch"ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceshipdrivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intimehapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemoleculesfeelcloudsandgalaxiesevenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics. 42．______________ Mostofoursensesarepassive.Inhearingandvisionforexamplethesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhandssothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld--tomodelapieceofclayorpressabuttonforexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeopletouchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworlditisthesuresignofrealityasin"pinchme--amIdreaming" 43．______________ Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotiaCanadahasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafulllengthloungechairinafamilydenbutitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"-pneumaticpistonrodscoveredwithroundedbuttonsthatcanextendaboutaninchandcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturerthatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsen-sations--alongtermgoalofvirtualreality. 44．______________ Evenatitspresentcrudelevelhoweverhapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.ToinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmallresearchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillhavedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopywhichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulatorresearcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirowntostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenoughitmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlockstocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfacesthereisnoreasonweshouldn’talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-cloudsoceancurrentsmantleflowsmountainsgalaxyclusters.Ortheverystrong--withasuitableforcescalingnewceramicsoralloyscouldbesqueezedandtwangedtotesttheirengineeringproperties.Orthephysicallyextremeandinaccessible--suchasultrahotplasmaflowsinfusionmachines. 45．______________ Haptictechnologycouldevenmakeabstractideastangible.Manyscientificconceptsoccupyspacesofmorethanthreedimensions:stringtheoryforexampleassertsthatweliveina10or11-dimensionalUniverse.AsitisimpossibletovisualisesuchaspaceweexploretheseideasthroughmathematicalexpressionsortwodimensionalsketchesonpaperButprobingtheseunfamiliargeometrieswithtouchmaybemoreeffective.Andforblindpeoplehapticsoffersanewwaytograspinformationeveninthreedimensions.AgroupattheUniversityofDelawarehasdevelopedanenvironmentwhereapersoncanfeelamathematicalfunction.UsingaPHAN-TOMtheuser"walks"alongthesurfaceofthefigure.Likeahikerfollowingmountainousterraintheuserfeelswherethefunctionissteepwhereitislevelandwhereitspeaksandvalleyslie.OtherhapticsystemscouldhelpblindpeopletobrowsetheInternetfeelingimagesaswellaswords. Thefutureofhapticsisbrightbuttheonlysensualrelationshipitwillbesustaininganytimesoonisbetweenyouandyourcomputer. 41
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasinglycomplicatedandmorevolatileitisallthemoreimportanttounderstandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthemarketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestmentandbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicatorswillassistinthedecisionmakingprocessprovidingasnapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture. 46Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder. Therearealsoindicatorsthatarebroadertellusabouttheeconomyitselfratherthanthecomponentse.g.employmentfiguresleadingindicatorsmoneysupplyfiguresM3.InflationfiguresProducePriceIndexPPIandtheConsumerPriceIndexCPIwillinshortinformusofthechangesinwholesalepricescostofconsumerretailgoodsandservicesrespectively. Anindicatorthatisusefulmustbeaccuratetimelyandreliable.Itdependsentirelyontheintegrityofthenationalstatisticalsystemresponsible.Itisvitaltoknowtheaccuratecomponentsofanindicator.Wehavetobemindfulofthelimitationofthesestatisticalfigurestoo. Someindicatorscanbehistoricorextremelyvolatileandthereforetheirvaluesarereduced.Itisbettertocomparethemostrecentdatawithearliermonthsortakeamovingaverageforthepast36or12monthstosmooththedata.Itwilltellusiftherehasbeenasignificantchangeintrendandwhetheranewdirectionisunderway. Timelinessofanindicatorisalsosignificant.47Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.48Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth. TheIndexofLeadingEconomicIndicatorsL.E.IintheUSactsasanearlywarningsystemtellinguswhentheeconomyisabouttochangedirection.49Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.Thismonthlyfigureisavailableonthelastbusinessdayofthemonthandhaslowvolatility. 50AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionoftheworld’slargesteconomy. Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread. Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead. Fortunatelythesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofareintroductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyamixedblessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. ThephrasewarditoffnaturallyParagraph2mostprobablymeans
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary AccordingtotheauthortheviewsheldbytraditionalorthodoxCatholicsoneuthanasiais
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Directions: OneofyourclosefriendsCatherinegaveapianosoloataconcertlastnightandwonthefirstprize.Nowwriteheraletterofcongratulationincludingthefollowingdetails: 1yourheart-feltcongratulations 2yourstrongimpression 3andyourencouragement. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.Choosethemostsuitable headingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology. [B]Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms. [C]Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses. [D]Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics. [E]Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay. [F]Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture "OOOF!"Usingyourmouseyouheaveadatafileacrossthescreen--acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogramyouexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou’llbehikingonyourVacation.Thenusingaglovedhandyoumasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbendsitssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbelovedbendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss. 41．______________ ThescienceofhapticsfromtheGreekhaptesthai"totouch"ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceshipdrivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intimehapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemoleculesfeelcloudsandgalaxiesevenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics. 42．______________ Mostofoursensesarepassive.Inhearingandvisionforexamplethesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhandssothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld--tomodelapieceofclayorpressabuttonforexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeopletouchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworlditisthesuresignofrealityasin"pinchme--amIdreaming" 43．______________ Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotiaCanadahasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafulllengthloungechairinafamilydenbutitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"-pneumaticpistonrodscoveredwithroundedbuttonsthatcanextendaboutaninchandcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturerthatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsen-sations--alongtermgoalofvirtualreality. 44．______________ Evenatitspresentcrudelevelhoweverhapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.ToinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmallresearchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillhavedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopywhichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulatorresearcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirowntostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenoughitmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlockstocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfacesthereisnoreasonweshouldn’talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-cloudsoceancurrentsmantleflowsmountainsgalaxyclusters.Ortheverystrong--withasuitableforcescalingnewceramicsoralloyscouldbesqueezedandtwangedtotesttheirengineeringproperties.Orthephysicallyextremeandinaccessible--suchasultrahotplasmaflowsinfusionmachines. 45．______________ Haptictechnologycouldevenmakeabstractideastangible.Manyscientificconceptsoccupyspacesofmorethanthreedimensions:stringtheoryforexampleassertsthatweliveina10or11-dimensionalUniverse.AsitisimpossibletovisualisesuchaspaceweexploretheseideasthroughmathematicalexpressionsortwodimensionalsketchesonpaperButprobingtheseunfamiliargeometrieswithtouchmaybemoreeffective.Andforblindpeoplehapticsoffersanewwaytograspinformationeveninthreedimensions.AgroupattheUniversityofDelawarehasdevelopedanenvironmentwhereapersoncanfeelamathematicalfunction.UsingaPHAN-TOMtheuser"walks"alongthesurfaceofthefigure.Likeahikerfollowingmountainousterraintheuserfeelswherethefunctionissteepwhereitislevelandwhereitspeaksandvalleyslie.OtherhapticsystemscouldhelpblindpeopletobrowsetheInternetfeelingimagesaswellaswords. Thefutureofhapticsisbrightbuttheonlysensualrelationshipitwillbesustaininganytimesoonisbetweenyouandyourcomputer. 45
Text1 Allthatwereallyneedtoplotoutthe futureofouruniverseareafewgoodmeasurements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatwe cansitdowntodayandoutlinethefuturecourseoftheuniversewithanything likecertainty.Therearestilltoomanythingswedonotknowaboutthewaythe universeisputtogether.Butwedoknowexactlywhatinformationweneedto fillinourknowledgeandwehaveaprettygoodideaofhowtogoaboutgetting it.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkofourpresentsituationisto imagineatraincomingintoaswitchyard.Alloftheswitchesaresetbeforethe trainarrivessothatitspathiscompletelydetermined.Someswitcheswecan seeotherswecannot.Thereisnoambiguityifwecanseethesettingofa switch:wecansaywithconfidencethatsomepossiblefutureswillnot materializeandotherswill.Attheunseenswitcheshoweverthereisnosuch certainty.Weknowthetrainwilltakeoneofthetracksleadingoutbutwe havenoideawhichone.Theunseenswitchesarethetruedecisionpointsinthe futureandwhathappenswhenwearriveatthemdeterminestheentiresubsequent courseofevents.Whenwethinkaboutthefutureofthe universewecanseeourtrackmanybillionsofyearsintothefuturebut afterthattherearedecisionpointstobedealtwithandpossiblefatesto consider.Thegoalofscienceistoreducetheambiguityatthedecisionpoints andfindthetrueroadthatwillbefollowed.Thewordtrackinthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
Text1 Allthatwereallyneedtoplotoutthe futureofouruniverseareafewgoodmeasurements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatwe cansitdowntodayandoutlinethefuturecourseoftheuniversewithanything likecertainty.Therearestilltoomanythingswedonotknowaboutthewaythe universeisputtogether.Butwedoknowexactlywhatinformationweneedto fillinourknowledgeandwehaveaprettygoodideaofhowtogoaboutgetting it.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkofourpresentsituationisto imagineatraincomingintoaswitchyard.Alloftheswitchesaresetbeforethe trainarrivessothatitspathiscompletelydetermined.Someswitcheswecan seeotherswecannot.Thereisnoambiguityifwecanseethesettingofa switch:wecansaywithconfidencethatsomepossiblefutureswillnot materializeandotherswill.Attheunseenswitcheshoweverthereisnosuch certainty.Weknowthetrainwilltakeoneofthetracksleadingoutbutwe havenoideawhichone.Theunseenswitchesarethetruedecisionpointsinthe futureandwhathappenswhenwearriveatthemdeterminestheentiresubsequent courseofevents.Whenwethinkaboutthefutureofthe universewecanseeourtrackmanybillionsofyearsintothefuturebut afterthattherearedecisionpointstobedealtwithandpossiblefatesto consider.Thegoalofscienceistoreducetheambiguityatthedecisionpoints andfindthetrueroadthatwillbefollowed.Accordingtothepassageitisdifficulttobecertainaboutthedistantfutureoftheuniversebecausewe______.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread. Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead. Fortunatelythesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofareintroductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyamixedblessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis
Text1 Allthatwereallyneedtoplotoutthe futureofouruniverseareafewgoodmeasurements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatwe cansitdowntodayandoutlinethefuturecourseoftheuniversewithanything likecertainty.Therearestilltoomanythingswedonotknowaboutthewaythe universeisputtogether.Butwedoknowexactlywhatinformationweneedto fillinourknowledgeandwehaveaprettygoodideaofhowtogoaboutgetting it.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkofourpresentsituationisto imagineatraincomingintoaswitchyard.Alloftheswitchesaresetbeforethe trainarrivessothatitspathiscompletelydetermined.Someswitcheswecan seeotherswecannot.Thereisnoambiguityifwecanseethesettingofa switch:wecansaywithconfidencethatsomepossiblefutureswillnot materializeandotherswill.Attheunseenswitcheshoweverthereisnosuch certainty.Weknowthetrainwilltakeoneofthetracksleadingoutbutwe havenoideawhichone.Theunseenswitchesarethetruedecisionpointsinthe futureandwhathappenswhenwearriveatthemdeterminestheentiresubsequent courseofevents.Whenwethinkaboutthefutureofthe universewecanseeourtrackmanybillionsofyearsintothefuturebut afterthattherearedecisionpointstobedealtwithandpossiblefatesto consider.Thegoalofscienceistoreducetheambiguityatthedecisionpoints andfindthetrueroadthatwillbefollowed.Forwhomistheauthorprobablywritingthispassage
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasinglycomplicatedandmorevolatileitisallthemoreimportanttounderstandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthemarketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestmentandbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicatorswillassistinthedecisionmakingprocessprovidingasnapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture. 46Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder. Therearealsoindicatorsthatarebroadertellusabouttheeconomyitselfratherthanthecomponentse.g.employmentfiguresleadingindicatorsmoneysupplyfiguresM3.InflationfiguresProducePriceIndexPPIandtheConsumerPriceIndexCPIwillinshortinformusofthechangesinwholesalepricescostofconsumerretailgoodsandservicesrespectively. Anindicatorthatisusefulmustbeaccuratetimelyandreliable.Itdependsentirelyontheintegrityofthenationalstatisticalsystemresponsible.Itisvitaltoknowtheaccuratecomponentsofanindicator.Wehavetobemindfulofthelimitationofthesestatisticalfigurestoo. Someindicatorscanbehistoricorextremelyvolatileandthereforetheirvaluesarereduced.Itisbettertocomparethemostrecentdatawithearliermonthsortakeamovingaverageforthepast36or12monthstosmooththedata.Itwilltellusiftherehasbeenasignificantchangeintrendandwhetheranewdirectionisunderway. Timelinessofanindicatorisalsosignificant.47Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.48Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth. TheIndexofLeadingEconomicIndicatorsL.E.IintheUSactsasanearlywarningsystemtellinguswhentheeconomyisabouttochangedirection.49Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.Thismonthlyfigureisavailableonthelastbusinessdayofthemonthandhaslowvolatility. 50AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionoftheworld’slargesteconomy. Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.Choosethemostsuitable headingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology. [B]Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms. [C]Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses. [D]Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics. [E]Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay. [F]Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture "OOOF!"Usingyourmouseyouheaveadatafileacrossthescreen--acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogramyouexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou’llbehikingonyourVacation.Thenusingaglovedhandyoumasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbendsitssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbelovedbendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss. 41．______________ ThescienceofhapticsfromtheGreekhaptesthai"totouch"ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceshipdrivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intimehapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemoleculesfeelcloudsandgalaxiesevenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics. 42．______________ Mostofoursensesarepassive.Inhearingandvisionforexamplethesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhandssothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld--tomodelapieceofclayorpressabuttonforexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeopletouchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworlditisthesuresignofrealityasin"pinchme--amIdreaming" 43．______________ Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotiaCanadahasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafulllengthloungechairinafamilydenbutitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"-pneumaticpistonrodscoveredwithroundedbuttonsthatcanextendaboutaninchandcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturerthatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsen-sations--alongtermgoalofvirtualreality. 44．______________ Evenatitspresentcrudelevelhoweverhapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.ToinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmallresearchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillhavedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopywhichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulatorresearcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirowntostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenoughitmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlockstocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfacesthereisnoreasonweshouldn’talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-cloudsoceancurrentsmantleflowsmountainsgalaxyclusters.Ortheverystrong--withasuitableforcescalingnewceramicsoralloyscouldbesqueezedandtwangedtotesttheirengineeringproperties.Orthephysicallyextremeandinaccessible--suchasultrahotplasmaflowsinfusionmachines. 45．______________ Haptictechnologycouldevenmakeabstractideastangible.Manyscientificconceptsoccupyspacesofmorethanthreedimensions:stringtheoryforexampleassertsthatweliveina10or11-dimensionalUniverse.AsitisimpossibletovisualisesuchaspaceweexploretheseideasthroughmathematicalexpressionsortwodimensionalsketchesonpaperButprobingtheseunfamiliargeometrieswithtouchmaybemoreeffective.Andforblindpeoplehapticsoffersanewwaytograspinformationeveninthreedimensions.AgroupattheUniversityofDelawarehasdevelopedanenvironmentwhereapersoncanfeelamathematicalfunction.UsingaPHAN-TOMtheuser"walks"alongthesurfaceofthefigure.Likeahikerfollowingmountainousterraintheuserfeelswherethefunctionissteepwhereitislevelandwhereitspeaksandvalleyslie.OtherhapticsystemscouldhelpblindpeopletobrowsetheInternetfeelingimagesaswellaswords. Thefutureofhapticsisbrightbuttheonlysensualrelationshipitwillbesustaininganytimesoonisbetweenyouandyourcomputer. 43
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