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设f(x，y)连续，且满足f(x，-y)=f(x，y)，则dxdy=______。
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工艺系统刚度表达式K系统＝Fy/y其中变形量y不是 作用下的变形量
Fy
Fx 与 Fy
Fy 与 Fz
Fx 与 Fz
Fx、Fy、Fz
设随机变量XY服从二维正态分布且X与Y不相关fXxfYy分别表示XY的概率密度则在Y=y的条件下X
fX（x）
fY（y）
fX（x）fY（y）
设二维随机变量XY的概率密度为 求 IXY的边缘概率密度fXxfYy IIZ=2X-Y的概率密度f
窗体上有名称为Command1的命令按钮事件过程及2个函数过程如下PrivateSubCommand
在以下FX2NPLC程序中当Y1得电后还可以得电
Y2
Y3
Y4
以上都可以
以下程序段 PROGRAMMAIN EXTERNALFX Y=TXFX32 PBINT*Y END
9
4
2.5
6.5
基因型为FfXDY的果蝇在产生精子过程中
一个精原细胞可产生FX
D
、fX
D
、FY、fY四种精子
X
D
与X
D
、Y.与Y.的分离发生在减数第一次分裂后期
FX
D
、fX
D
、FY、fY的随机组合发生在减数第一次分裂后期
F.与f、X
D
与Y.的分离发生在减数第一次分裂后期
设函数z=fxy在点x0y0处有fx’x0y0=afy’x0y0=b则
A
B
C
D
窗体上有名称为Command1的命令按钮事件过程及两个函数过程如下PrivateSubCommand
在以下FX2NPLC程序中当Y3得电后还可以得电
Y1
Y2
Y4
都可以
一个频带限制在0到fx以内的低通信号xt用fs速率进行理想抽样 若要不失真的恢复xt低通滤波器带宽Ｂ
B≥2fx
B≥fs
fs≥B≥fx
fs-fx≥B≥fx
设函数fxy具有连续的一阶偏导数f11=1f’111=af’211=b又φx=fxf[xfxx]求φ
实腹式轴压杆绕xy轴的长细比分别为λxλy对应的稳定的系数分别为fxfy若λx=λy则
fx>fy
fx=fy
fx
需要根据稳定性分类判别
设调制信号的最高截止频率为fx进行AM调制要使已调信号无失真地传输AM调制系统的传输带宽至少为
fx
2fx
3fx
4fx
工艺系统刚度表达式:K系统=Fy/y其中变形量y是作用下的变形量
Fy
Fx与Fy
Fy与Fz
Fx与Fz
在以下FX2NPLC程序中当Y2得电后还可以得电
Y1
Y3
Y4
Y3和Y4
一个频带限制在0到fx以内的低通信号xt用fs速率进行理想抽样 若要不失真的恢复xt要求fs与fx关
fs≥2fx
fs≥fx
fs≤fx
fs≤2fx
设函数fxy可微且f11=1f’x11=af’y11=b．又记φx=fxf[xfxx]则φ’1=__
窗体上有名称为Command1的命令按钮事件过程及2个函数过程如下PrivateSubCommand
窗体上有名称为Command1的命令按钮事件过程及2个函数过程如下PrivateSubCommand
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Todaysome30%ofsmallbusinessownersdon’thaveaWebpresenceatallwhilethevastmajoritywhodoarewatchingtheirsitessitstalewaitingandwantingforbusiness.WheredidthingsgowrongTherearecommonprinciplesfollowedbythosewhosedreamsofonlinesuccesshavebecomereality.41Buildyoursitearoundyourcustomer:Thinkingofyoursiteasyouronlinestorefrontbuiltarounddeliveringthehighest-qualitycustomerexperiencefromthemomentyourcustomerstepsthroughthedoor.42Justbecauseyoubuiltitdoesn’tmeanthey’llcome:Ifyouaren’tseeingalargevolumeoftargetedtraffictoyoursiteit’stimetouptheante.43Integratecustomerloyaltyprogramsandpromotions:Methodscontaindiscountsnewsorfriendlyservicereminders.Usediscountpromotionalofferstostayintouchwithpastvisitorstoyoursite.44Justifyyourmonthlyspendingthroughproductbundling:Whilepay-per-clickInternetadvertisingismuchmorecost-effectivethantraditionalmediachannelsbundlingproductstogetherwillnotonlyincreaseyoursalesrevenuebutalsoenableyoutogetmoreoutofyourper-clickadrates.45Measureyourprogress:YoursitemaybelivebuthowisitperformingArmedwiththesesimplelessonsvowtomakeyourbusinessrealizethetruepromiseoftheInternet.A.Amanufacturingcompanyselling$50itemswashavingtroublejustifyingthecostofonlinekeywordads.Bybundlingproductstocreatepackagesof$100ormoreandadvertisingtowholesalecustomerslookingtobuyinbulkthemanufacturerdroppeditssalesrepresentativeagenciesandfocusedonlargevolumebuyerssuchasWal-MartandTarget.Needlesstosaythecompanyhadnotroubleexceedingitsyearlysalesquota.B.Oneofmypastclientshadawell-designedphysicalstorefrontsolidpricesandqualityofferings.Howeverhewasn’tabletodriveenoughstoretrafficdespitetargetedadvertisingeffortsinprintpublicationsandotherofflinevenues.Wedecidedtoshiftthoseaddollarstoanonlinepay-per-clickcampaign—inwhichtheadvertiserpayswheneversomeoneclicksonitsentrypostedduringthecourseofasitesearchbasedonkeywordsrelevanttohisbusiness.Theimmediateimpactwasstaggering.Onlinerevenuesoaredtenfoldto$1millionfrom$100000withinonlyafewmonths.C.Withtoday’stechnologyyourreturncanbeeasilymeasured.IfyourelyonyourWebsiteasasalestoolyoucan’taffordnottoinvestinsiteanalytics.MakesureyourWebsolutionincludesaneasy-to-usereportingtoolthatpresentsthisinformationinaclearconciseformat.AfterallwhilemetricsareacriticalpartoftheWebequationyoudon’thavethetimetospendhoursdiggingthroughreamsofdata.D.YearsagoIworkedwithawomanwhosoldpursesonlinethroughahome-builtsitethatlackedcriticale-commercecomponents.Afterasimpleredesignincludingproductdescriptionscomprehensivenavigationandasecureuser-friendlyorderingsystemherrevenueincreasedfivefold.Andshebeganreceivingravereviewsfromcustomersimpressedwiththeeaseandconvenienceoftheonlineshoppingexperience.E.Onlinesuccessdemandsmorethansimplepresence.YourInternetinvestmentshouldpayforitselfwithnewcustomersandincreasedsales.Findatrustedpartnerwhocanhelpyounavigatetoday’sandtomorrow’stechnologyandwhounderstandsthebottom-linerealitiesofyourbusiness.F.OnevillarentalcompanyhadaWebsitethatgeneratedveryfewcallsandonlinebookings.Ihelpedthecompanysetupalastminutedealsdistributionlist.Bysubscribingsitevisitorswouldreceiveweeklye-mailsoffering11th-hourdiscountsonvillarentals.Asaresultthecompanycapturedcontactinformationforthousandsofpossiblecustomersreduceditsunusedinventorytoalmostzeroandincreasedrevenuesignificantly.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 16
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 20
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 8
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinanessentialway.46Inclassicalphysicsthemassofanobjecthadalwaysbeenassociatedwithanindestructiblematerialsubstancewithsomestuffofwhichallthingswerethoughttobemade.Relativitytheoryshowedthatmasshasnothingtodowithanysubstancebutisaformenergy.Energyhoweverisadynamicquantityassociatedwithactivityorwithprocesses.47Thefactthatthemassofaparticleisequivalenttoacertainofenergymeansthattheparticlecannolongerbeseenasastatic_objectbuthastobeconceivedasadynamicpatternaprocessinvolvingtheenergywhichmanifestitselfastheparticle’smass.48ThisnewviewofparticleswasinitiatedbyDiracwhenheformulatedarelativisticequationdescribingthebehaviorofelectrons.Dirac’stheorywasnotonlyextremelysuccessfulinaccountingforthefinedetailsofatomicstructurebutalsorevealedafundamentalsymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matter.Itpredictedtheexistenceofananti-matterwiththesamemassastheelectronbutwithanoppositecharge.ThispositivelychargedparticlenowcalledthepositronwasindeeddiscoveredtwoyearsafterDirachadpredictedit.Thesymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matterimpliesthatforeveryparticlethereexistsanantiparticleswithequalmassandoppositecharge.Pairsofparticlesandantiparticlescanbecreatedifenoughenergyisavailableandcanbemadetoturnintopureenergyinthereverseprocessofdestruction.49TheseprocessesofparticlecreationanddestructionhadbeenpredictedfromDirac’stheorybeforetheywereactuallydiscoveredinnatureandsincethentheyhavebeenobservedmillionsoftimes.Thecreationofmaterialparticlesfrompureenergyiscertainlythemostspectaculareffectofrelativitytheoryanditcanonlybeunderstoodintermsoftheviewofparticlesoutlinedabove.50Beforerelativisticparticlephysicstheconstituentsofmatterhadalwaysbeenconsideredasbeingeitherelementaryunitswhichwereindestructibleandunchangeableorascompositeobjectswhichcouldbebrokenupintotheirconstituentparts.Andthebasicquestionwaswhetheronecoulddividematteragainandagainorwhetheronewouldfinallyarriveatsomesmallestindivisibleunits.
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinanessentialway.46Inclassicalphysicsthemassofanobjecthadalwaysbeenassociatedwithanindestructiblematerialsubstancewithsomestuffofwhichallthingswerethoughttobemade.Relativitytheoryshowedthatmasshasnothingtodowithanysubstancebutisaformenergy.Energyhoweverisadynamicquantityassociatedwithactivityorwithprocesses.47Thefactthatthemassofaparticleisequivalenttoacertainofenergymeansthattheparticlecannolongerbeseenasastatic_objectbuthastobeconceivedasadynamicpatternaprocessinvolvingtheenergywhichmanifestitselfastheparticle’smass.48ThisnewviewofparticleswasinitiatedbyDiracwhenheformulatedarelativisticequationdescribingthebehaviorofelectrons.Dirac’stheorywasnotonlyextremelysuccessfulinaccountingforthefinedetailsofatomicstructurebutalsorevealedafundamentalsymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matter.Itpredictedtheexistenceofananti-matterwiththesamemassastheelectronbutwithanoppositecharge.ThispositivelychargedparticlenowcalledthepositronwasindeeddiscoveredtwoyearsafterDirachadpredictedit.Thesymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matterimpliesthatforeveryparticlethereexistsanantiparticleswithequalmassandoppositecharge.Pairsofparticlesandantiparticlescanbecreatedifenoughenergyisavailableandcanbemadetoturnintopureenergyinthereverseprocessofdestruction.49TheseprocessesofparticlecreationanddestructionhadbeenpredictedfromDirac’stheorybeforetheywereactuallydiscoveredinnatureandsincethentheyhavebeenobservedmillionsoftimes.Thecreationofmaterialparticlesfrompureenergyiscertainlythemostspectaculareffectofrelativitytheoryanditcanonlybeunderstoodintermsoftheviewofparticlesoutlinedabove.50Beforerelativisticparticlephysicstheconstituentsofmatterhadalwaysbeenconsideredasbeingeitherelementaryunitswhichwereindestructibleandunchangeableorascompositeobjectswhichcouldbebrokenupintotheirconstituentparts.Andthebasicquestionwaswhetheronecoulddividematteragainandagainorwhetheronewouldfinallyarriveatsomesmallestindivisibleunits.
Todaysome30%ofsmallbusinessownersdon’thaveaWebpresenceatallwhilethevastmajoritywhodoarewatchingtheirsitessitstalewaitingandwantingforbusiness.WheredidthingsgowrongTherearecommonprinciplesfollowedbythosewhosedreamsofonlinesuccesshavebecomereality.41Buildyoursitearoundyourcustomer:Thinkingofyoursiteasyouronlinestorefrontbuiltarounddeliveringthehighest-qualitycustomerexperiencefromthemomentyourcustomerstepsthroughthedoor.42Justbecauseyoubuiltitdoesn’tmeanthey’llcome:Ifyouaren’tseeingalargevolumeoftargetedtraffictoyoursiteit’stimetouptheante.43Integratecustomerloyaltyprogramsandpromotions:Methodscontaindiscountsnewsorfriendlyservicereminders.Usediscountpromotionalofferstostayintouchwithpastvisitorstoyoursite.44Justifyyourmonthlyspendingthroughproductbundling:Whilepay-per-clickInternetadvertisingismuchmorecost-effectivethantraditionalmediachannelsbundlingproductstogetherwillnotonlyincreaseyoursalesrevenuebutalsoenableyoutogetmoreoutofyourper-clickadrates.45Measureyourprogress:YoursitemaybelivebuthowisitperformingArmedwiththesesimplelessonsvowtomakeyourbusinessrealizethetruepromiseoftheInternet.A.Amanufacturingcompanyselling$50itemswashavingtroublejustifyingthecostofonlinekeywordads.Bybundlingproductstocreatepackagesof$100ormoreandadvertisingtowholesalecustomerslookingtobuyinbulkthemanufacturerdroppeditssalesrepresentativeagenciesandfocusedonlargevolumebuyerssuchasWal-MartandTarget.Needlesstosaythecompanyhadnotroubleexceedingitsyearlysalesquota.B.Oneofmypastclientshadawell-designedphysicalstorefrontsolidpricesandqualityofferings.Howeverhewasn’tabletodriveenoughstoretrafficdespitetargetedadvertisingeffortsinprintpublicationsandotherofflinevenues.Wedecidedtoshiftthoseaddollarstoanonlinepay-per-clickcampaign—inwhichtheadvertiserpayswheneversomeoneclicksonitsentrypostedduringthecourseofasitesearchbasedonkeywordsrelevanttohisbusiness.Theimmediateimpactwasstaggering.Onlinerevenuesoaredtenfoldto$1millionfrom$100000withinonlyafewmonths.C.Withtoday’stechnologyyourreturncanbeeasilymeasured.IfyourelyonyourWebsiteasasalestoolyoucan’taffordnottoinvestinsiteanalytics.MakesureyourWebsolutionincludesaneasy-to-usereportingtoolthatpresentsthisinformationinaclearconciseformat.AfterallwhilemetricsareacriticalpartoftheWebequationyoudon’thavethetimetospendhoursdiggingthroughreamsofdata.D.YearsagoIworkedwithawomanwhosoldpursesonlinethroughahome-builtsitethatlackedcriticale-commercecomponents.Afterasimpleredesignincludingproductdescriptionscomprehensivenavigationandasecureuser-friendlyorderingsystemherrevenueincreasedfivefold.Andshebeganreceivingravereviewsfromcustomersimpressedwiththeeaseandconvenienceoftheonlineshoppingexperience.E.Onlinesuccessdemandsmorethansimplepresence.YourInternetinvestmentshouldpayforitselfwithnewcustomersandincreasedsales.Findatrustedpartnerwhocanhelpyounavigatetoday’sandtomorrow’stechnologyandwhounderstandsthebottom-linerealitiesofyourbusiness.F.OnevillarentalcompanyhadaWebsitethatgeneratedveryfewcallsandonlinebookings.Ihelpedthecompanysetupalastminutedealsdistributionlist.Bysubscribingsitevisitorswouldreceiveweeklye-mailsoffering11th-hourdiscountsonvillarentals.Asaresultthecompanycapturedcontactinformationforthousandsofpossiblecustomersreduceditsunusedinventorytoalmostzeroandincreasedrevenuesignificantly.
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.TheexpressionAndthelistgoesonPara.1isusedtosuggestthat
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 18
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 4
Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallculturesparentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity’smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother’sobservanceofsocialnormsusingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensuresuchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremarktoimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.FacedwithincreasingviolenceathomemanyAmericansendorsedSingapore’suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay’spunishmenteffectiveWhetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknownbutthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenyawithahistoryoftribalwarfarefacethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforcesincludingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caningfooddeprivationandwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.IncontrasttheMixtecansofJuxtlahuacaMexicoareahighlycohesivecommunitywithlittleinternalconflictandsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.TheirsocialpatternsappearadaptivefortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicanswhocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rathertheytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishmentandsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrongsoresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStatesfearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehaviorespeciallyinsmallcommunities.Todayevenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrimeespeciallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishmentanothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehadsothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.WhatwouldaGusiimotherfromKenyamostlikelydotopunishherchildren
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 10
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 14
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 6
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththehowthequestionofforwhomisputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.Asfuturesaretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalleddevelopmentcommunicationsmodernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries
Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallculturesparentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity’smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother’sobservanceofsocialnormsusingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensuresuchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremarktoimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.FacedwithincreasingviolenceathomemanyAmericansendorsedSingapore’suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay’spunishmenteffectiveWhetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknownbutthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenyawithahistoryoftribalwarfarefacethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforcesincludingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caningfooddeprivationandwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.IncontrasttheMixtecansofJuxtlahuacaMexicoareahighlycohesivecommunitywithlittleinternalconflictandsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.TheirsocialpatternsappearadaptivefortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicanswhocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rathertheytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishmentandsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrongsoresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStatesfearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehaviorespeciallyinsmallcommunities.Todayevenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrimeespeciallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishmentanothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehadsothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.Accordingtothepassagewhatisauniversalculturalnorminmaintainingsocialorder
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 18
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 20
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 12
Collegegraduatesarenowleavingschoolwithnotonlyadiplomabutalsowithmoredebtthaninanyotherperiodinhistory.AccordingtotheCollegeBoardaveragefinancialaidperfulltimeequivalentstudentadjustedforinflationhasalmostdoubledinthelastdecade.Additionallynotonlyistheaveragestudentdebtloadhigherbutalsothenumberofloansoriginatedincreasedbynearlyfourfold.Thusstudentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthdoublyimpactingthefinancialsituationsofthosestudentswhomustdependonstudentloanstofinancetheireducation.Furthermorethesefiguresnodoubtunderstatethetruelevelofindebtednessincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliessincesomeundoubtedlyfinancepartoftheireducationandlivingexpensesthroughtheuseofconsumerloanshomeequityloansorcreditcards.Thusthealreadyhugeburdenofstudentloandebtincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliesisexacerbatedbyfinancialobligationsfromothersources.Thissituationistheoutcomeofaprecariouscombinationofeasycreditthankstocardissuerswhoareeagertotapintothislucrativemarketfinancialnaivetéonthepartofstudentsandasenseonbothsidesthatifworsecomestoworsemommyanddaddywillstepinandsetthingsright.Allcombinetomakecreditatemptingluretostudentsstrappedforcash.Whilecreditstillremainavirtualelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustcarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethathebargainedfor.MoststudentsintheUnitedStatesattendcollegeswhosetuitiondoesnotexceed$15000however.Neverthelessrisingpricescombinedwithstagnantincomegainsamonglow-andmoderate-incomefamilieshavemadeitdifficultifnotimpossibleforastudentfromafamilyofsuchanincomelevelastudentwhohasthemosttogainfromacollegeeducationtoattendcollegewithoutsignificantlyaddingtothefinancialburdenofhisorherfamily.Whilestudentloansstillremainavitalelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustbecarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethanhebargainedfor.InParagraph1...studentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthmeans
Collegegraduatesarenowleavingschoolwithnotonlyadiplomabutalsowithmoredebtthaninanyotherperiodinhistory.AccordingtotheCollegeBoardaveragefinancialaidperfulltimeequivalentstudentadjustedforinflationhasalmostdoubledinthelastdecade.Additionallynotonlyistheaveragestudentdebtloadhigherbutalsothenumberofloansoriginatedincreasedbynearlyfourfold.Thusstudentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthdoublyimpactingthefinancialsituationsofthosestudentswhomustdependonstudentloanstofinancetheireducation.Furthermorethesefiguresnodoubtunderstatethetruelevelofindebtednessincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliessincesomeundoubtedlyfinancepartoftheireducationandlivingexpensesthroughtheuseofconsumerloanshomeequityloansorcreditcards.Thusthealreadyhugeburdenofstudentloandebtincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliesisexacerbatedbyfinancialobligationsfromothersources.Thissituationistheoutcomeofaprecariouscombinationofeasycreditthankstocardissuerswhoareeagertotapintothislucrativemarketfinancialnaivetéonthepartofstudentsandasenseonbothsidesthatifworsecomestoworsemommyanddaddywillstepinandsetthingsright.Allcombinetomakecreditatemptingluretostudentsstrappedforcash.Whilecreditstillremainavirtualelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustcarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethathebargainedfor.MoststudentsintheUnitedStatesattendcollegeswhosetuitiondoesnotexceed$15000however.Neverthelessrisingpricescombinedwithstagnantincomegainsamonglow-andmoderate-incomefamilieshavemadeitdifficultifnotimpossibleforastudentfromafamilyofsuchanincomelevelastudentwhohasthemosttogainfromacollegeeducationtoattendcollegewithoutsignificantlyaddingtothefinancialburdenofhisorherfamily.Whilestudentloansstillremainavitalelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustbecarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethanhebargainedfor.Thetextismainlyabout
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 2
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.Thelastparagraphimpliesthat
Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5.a Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing1therapiesevenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans2awakeatnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor3anpillhopingitwillmakethemsleepy.4expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadideaandthecausesofchronicinsomniaremain5. Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleepingandabout10percenthave6ofdaytimeimpairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But7thecomplaintsscientistsknowsurprisinglylittleaboutwhatcauseschronicinsomniaitshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatitapanelofspecialists8togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanelcalled9abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia10thatifscientistsunderstoodits11causestheycoulddevelopbettertreatments. Mostbutnotallinsomniaisthoughtto12otherhealthproblemsfromarthritisanddepressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwasaresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin13complicatesthoseotherproblems.Otherdiseases14theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore15amongwomenespeciallyaftertheir50s.Smokingcaffeineandnumerous16drugsalsoaffectsleep. TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearchsome17tospecificdisordersandothers18theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystemofsleep.Theagencywas19thepane’sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshouldbe20atinsomnia. 16
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinanessentialway.46Inclassicalphysicsthemassofanobjecthadalwaysbeenassociatedwithanindestructiblematerialsubstancewithsomestuffofwhichallthingswerethoughttobemade.Relativitytheoryshowedthatmasshasnothingtodowithanysubstancebutisaformenergy.Energyhoweverisadynamicquantityassociatedwithactivityorwithprocesses.47Thefactthatthemassofaparticleisequivalenttoacertainofenergymeansthattheparticlecannolongerbeseenasastatic_objectbuthastobeconceivedasadynamicpatternaprocessinvolvingtheenergywhichmanifestitselfastheparticle’smass.48ThisnewviewofparticleswasinitiatedbyDiracwhenheformulatedarelativisticequationdescribingthebehaviorofelectrons.Dirac’stheorywasnotonlyextremelysuccessfulinaccountingforthefinedetailsofatomicstructurebutalsorevealedafundamentalsymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matter.Itpredictedtheexistenceofananti-matterwiththesamemassastheelectronbutwithanoppositecharge.ThispositivelychargedparticlenowcalledthepositronwasindeeddiscoveredtwoyearsafterDirachadpredictedit.Thesymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matterimpliesthatforeveryparticlethereexistsanantiparticleswithequalmassandoppositecharge.Pairsofparticlesandantiparticlescanbecreatedifenoughenergyisavailableandcanbemadetoturnintopureenergyinthereverseprocessofdestruction.49TheseprocessesofparticlecreationanddestructionhadbeenpredictedfromDirac’stheorybeforetheywereactuallydiscoveredinnatureandsincethentheyhavebeenobservedmillionsoftimes.Thecreationofmaterialparticlesfrompureenergyiscertainlythemostspectaculareffectofrelativitytheoryanditcanonlybeunderstoodintermsoftheviewofparticlesoutlinedabove.50Beforerelativisticparticlephysicstheconstituentsofmatterhadalwaysbeenconsideredasbeingeitherelementaryunitswhichwereindestructibleandunchangeableorascompositeobjectswhichcouldbebrokenupintotheirconstituentparts.Andthebasicquestionwaswhetheronecoulddividematteragainandagainorwhetheronewouldfinallyarriveatsomesmallestindivisibleunits.
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththehowthequestionofforwhomisputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.Asfuturesaretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalleddevelopmentcommunicationsmodernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof
Upuntilafewdecadesagoourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanityleadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketoepidemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensintheRedListofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNatureIUCNandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfullyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.TheIUCN’sRedListsuggestthathumanbeingsare
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNOTsuggestasanimportantareaforresearch
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththe"how"thequestionof"forwhom"isputasideonceagain. Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots. Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As"futures"aretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies. SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalled"developmentcommunications"modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies. CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain. Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit. Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis
1describethecartoonandthemessageconveyedand 2drawaconclusionandgiveyourcommentonthecartoon.
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