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Directions: Write a poster to your schoolmates, informing them of a new book to be released. You sh...
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OnthefirstEarthDaytheU.S.wasapoisonednation.DenseairpollutionblanketedcitieslikeLosAngeleswheresmogalertswereafactoflife.DangerouspesticideslikeDDTwerestillinuseandwaterpollutionwasrampant—symbolizedbyragingfiresonCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver.ButthegreenmovementthatwasenergizedbyEarthDay—andthelandmarkfederalactionsthatfollowedit—changedmuchofthat.TodayairpollutionisdownsignificantlyinmosturbanareasthewateriscleanerandeventheCuyahogaishometofishagain.ButifthelandishealingAmericansmaybesickening.SinceWorldWarⅡproductionofindustrialchemicalshasrisenrapidlyandtheU.S.generatesorimportssome19billionkgofthemperday.Thesearen’tthesortsofchemicalsthatcometomindwhenwepicturepollution—hugeplantsspillingcontaminatedwastewaterintorivers.Ratherthey’rethemoleculesthatmakegoodontheoldbetterlivingthroughchemistrypromiseappearinginitemslikeunbreakablebabybottlesandbig-screenTVs.Thosechemicalshaveahabitoffindingtheirwayoutofeverydayproductsandintotheenvironment—andultimatelyintolivingorganisms.Arecentbiomonitoringsurveyfoundtracesof212environmentalchemicalsinAmericans—includingtoxicmetalspesticidesetc.It’snottheenvironmentthat’scontaminatedsomuchsaysthedirectoroftheCincinnatiChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenter.It’sus.Asscientistsgetbetteratdetectingthechemicalsinourbodiesthey’rediscoveringthateventinyquantitiesoftoxinscanhaveapotentiallyseriousimpactonourhealth—andourchildren’sfuture.ChemicalslikebisphenolABPAandphthalates—keyingredientsinmodernplastics—maydisruptthedelicateendocrinesystem.Ahostofmodernillsthathavebeenrisinguncheckedforageneration—obesitydiabetesattention-deficitdisorder—couldhavechemicalconnections.Wedon’tgiveenvironmentalexposuretheattentionitdeservessaysDr.PhilipLandrigan.Butthere’sanemergingunderstandingthatkidsareuniquelysusceptibletoenvironmentalhazards.Washingtonhasbeenslowtoarriveatthatconclusion.TheToxicSubstancesControlActTSCAthe34-year-oldvehicleforfederalchemicalregulationhasgenerallybeenafailure.Theburdenofprovingchemicalsdangerousfallsalmostentirelyonthegovernment.AndtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAhasbeenabletoissuerestrictionsononlyahandfulofchemicalsandhaslackedthepowertobanevensomedangerouscancer-causingsubstances.Butchangeiscoming.TheObamaAdministrationistakingacloserlookatchemicals.MoreimportantCongressmayfinallybereadytoact.Wecan’tpermitthisassaultonourchildren’shealth—andourownhealth—tocontinuesaysSenatorFrankLautenberg.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardstheUnitedStates’solvingthechemicalproblem
Directions:ThenumberofprivatecarsissoaringinChina.Theproblemsresultingfromtheincreaseofprivatecarsarebroughttopeople’sattention.Writealettertoaneditorofanewspaper1giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2maketwoorthreesuggestions.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 7
BabyboomersfrettingovertheirpensionsshouldspareathoughtforConstanceDeCherney.Likemanyofhergenerationthe27-year-oldWebstrategistatPlannedParenthoodinNewYorkhasdonelittletoprepareforretirement.Justtheideaof[savingforretirement]feelsoverwhelmingshesays.Myfearofdoingsomethingwrongornotdoingenoughsortofparalyzesme.DeCherneyistypicalofAmerica’sso-calledGenerationYthetwentysomethingswhohaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastI0years.Alreadysaddledwithstudentdebtsaveragingalmost$20000accordingtoNewYork-basedthinktankDemosGenYisinatougherfinancialpositionthanpreviousgenerations.Theaveragesalaryfor25-to34-year-oldsforinstancefell19percentoverthelast30yearsafteradjustingforinflationto$35100Demosestimates.That’siftheycangetjobs:unemploymentamong19-to24-year-oldsstandsat15.3percentvs.theoverallrateof9.5percentaccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.Whilemanyoftheirparentshaveguaranteedretirementincomefrombeinginacompany-fundedpensionforpartoftheircareersGenYisthefirstdo-it-yourselfretirementgenerationsaysCatherineCollinsonpresidentoftheTransamericaCenterforRetirementStudiesinLosAngeles.InvestmentcompaniesaresteppingupeffortstoengageGenYersinretirementplanning.CharlesSchwabhasrevampeditswebsitetoincludeweeklyadviceforyoungerworkersoneverythingfromretirementplanningtopayingdowndebt.VanguardistestingoutsocialmediausingmoreblogsaFacebookpageandsoonTwitter.It’showthisyoungergenerationlearnssaysVanguardChiefExecutiveOfficerWilliamMcNabbⅢ.Fidelitythenation’slargest401kadministratorinJunelaunchedaniPhoneappfortrackingretirementsavingsandhasreplacedbulkypensionliteraturewithe-mailupdates.ThisgenerationlacksconfidenceaboutmakingfinancialdecisionssaysBethMcHughFidelity’svice-presidentofmarketinsights.Youhavetoexplainwhyplanningforretirementissoimportant.That’spresumingyoucangettheirattention.Fewerthan4000FacebookusershaveclickedthelikebuttonforFidelity’spageandabout9000havedonesoforVanguard’s.Meanwhile4.2millionpeoplesaytheylikeAppleiTunesonFacebook.SchwabwhichbegansendingTwitterfeedsinmid-Junehas277followers.WholeFoodsMarkethas1.8million.Somebabyboomerparentsenlistthehelpoftheirfinancialplannersingivingtheirkidsaretirementrealitycheck.JimStoopsaSchwabfinancialconsultantinChicagosayshis250-plusclientsoftenbringtheirsonsanddaughterstohisofficeforadvice.Parentsjustcan’tbelievehowdifficultretirementwillbefortheirchildrenhesays.They’retryingtoinstillfinancialvaluesintheirkids./UsingthefiguresinParagraph4theauthorintendsto______.
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 19
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 11
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 41
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 1
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 43
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:WherehavetheanimalspiritsgoneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays.Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiringsaysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemploymentshouldbefartheralongthanitis.CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm.Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas.Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomerssaysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer.Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing.SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund.There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’/JohnChallengersuggeststhat______.
OnthefirstEarthDaytheU.S.wasapoisonednation.DenseairpollutionblanketedcitieslikeLosAngeleswheresmogalertswereafactoflife.DangerouspesticideslikeDDTwerestillinuseandwaterpollutionwasrampant—symbolizedbyragingfiresonCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver.ButthegreenmovementthatwasenergizedbyEarthDay—andthelandmarkfederalactionsthatfollowedit—changedmuchofthat.TodayairpollutionisdownsignificantlyinmosturbanareasthewateriscleanerandeventheCuyahogaishometofishagain.ButifthelandishealingAmericansmaybesickening.SinceWorldWarⅡproductionofindustrialchemicalshasrisenrapidlyandtheU.S.generatesorimportssome19billionkgofthemperday.Thesearen’tthesortsofchemicalsthatcometomindwhenwepicturepollution—hugeplantsspillingcontaminatedwastewaterintorivers.Ratherthey’rethemoleculesthatmakegoodontheoldbetterlivingthroughchemistrypromiseappearinginitemslikeunbreakablebabybottlesandbig-screenTVs.Thosechemicalshaveahabitoffindingtheirwayoutofeverydayproductsandintotheenvironment—andultimatelyintolivingorganisms.Arecentbiomonitoringsurveyfoundtracesof212environmentalchemicalsinAmericans—includingtoxicmetalspesticidesetc.It’snottheenvironmentthat’scontaminatedsomuchsaysthedirectoroftheCincinnatiChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenter.It’sus.Asscientistsgetbetteratdetectingthechemicalsinourbodiesthey’rediscoveringthateventinyquantitiesoftoxinscanhaveapotentiallyseriousimpactonourhealth—andourchildren’sfuture.ChemicalslikebisphenolABPAandphthalates—keyingredientsinmodernplastics—maydisruptthedelicateendocrinesystem.Ahostofmodernillsthathavebeenrisinguncheckedforageneration—obesitydiabetesattention-deficitdisorder—couldhavechemicalconnections.Wedon’tgiveenvironmentalexposuretheattentionitdeservessaysDr.PhilipLandrigan.Butthere’sanemergingunderstandingthatkidsareuniquelysusceptibletoenvironmentalhazards.Washingtonhasbeenslowtoarriveatthatconclusion.TheToxicSubstancesControlActTSCAthe34-year-oldvehicleforfederalchemicalregulationhasgenerallybeenafailure.Theburdenofprovingchemicalsdangerousfallsalmostentirelyonthegovernment.AndtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAhasbeenabletoissuerestrictionsononlyahandfulofchemicalsandhaslackedthepowertobanevensomedangerouscancer-causingsubstances.Butchangeiscoming.TheObamaAdministrationistakingacloserlookatchemicals.MoreimportantCongressmayfinallybereadytoact.Wecan’tpermitthisassaultonourchildren’shealth—andourownhealth—tocontinuesaysSenatorFrankLautenberg.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1
Theideathatboysandgirls—andmenandwomen—areprogrammedbyevolutiontobehavedifferentlyfromoneanotherisnowwidelyacknowledged.Butwhichofthedifferencesbetweenthesexesarebiologicalinthesensethattheyhavebeenhonedbyevolutionandwhichareculturalorenvironmentalandmightmoreeasilybealteredbychangedcircumstancesisstillfiercelydebated.ThesensitivityofthequestionwasshownlastyearbyanuproaratHarvardUniversity.LarrySummersthenHarvard’spresidentcausedastormwhenhesuggestedthatinnateabilitycouldbeanimportantreasonwhythereweresofewwomeninthetoppositionsinmathematicsengineeringandthephysicalsciences.EvenasapropositionfordiscussionthisisUnacceptabletosome.Butbiologicalexplanationsofhumanbehavioraremakingacomeback.Thesuccessofneo-Darwinismhasprovidedanintellectualfoundationfordiscussionaboutwhysomedifferencesbetweenthesexesmightbeinnate.Andnewscanningtechniqueshaveenabledresearcherstoexaminethebrain’sinteriorwhileitisworkingshowingthatmaleandfemalebrainsdoatoneleveloperatedifferently.Theresultshoweverdonotalwayssupportpastclichésaboutwhatthedifferencesinquestionactuallyare.OnebehavioraldifferencethathasborneahugeamountofscrutinyisinmathematicsparticularlysinceDr.Summers’comments.Theproblemwithtryingtoarguethatthemaletendencytosystemizemightleadtogreatermathematicalabilityisthatinfactgirlsandboysareequallygoodatmathspriortoteenageyears.Untilrecentlyitwasbelievedthatmalesoutperformedfemalesinmathematicsatallages.Todaythatpicturehaschangedanditappearsthatmalesandfemalesofanyageareequallygoodatcomputationandatunderstandingmathematicalconcepts.Howeveraftertheirmid-teensmenarebetteratproblemsolvingthanwomenare.ThequestionraisedbyDr.Summersdoesgettotheheartofthematter.Overthepast50yearswomenhavemadehugeprogressintoacademiaandwithinit.Slowlytheyhaveworkedtheirwayintothehigherechelonsofdisciplineafterdiscipline.Butsomepartsoftheivorytowerhaveprovedhardertooccupythanothers.ThequestionremainstowhatdegreeistheabsenceofwomeninsciencemathematicsandengineeringcausedbyinnateimmutableabilityInnateitmaywellbe.Thatdoesnotmeanitisimmutable.Avarietyofabilitiesareamenabletotraininginbothsexes.Andsuchtrainingworks.Biologymaypredisposebutitisnotnecessarilydestiny.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs. Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions. Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.Amoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharm"Itiswrongtohit"wouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers. 47
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 13
Theideathatboysandgirls—andmenandwomen—areprogrammedbyevolutiontobehavedifferentlyfromoneanotherisnowwidelyacknowledged.Butwhichofthedifferencesbetweenthesexesarebiologicalinthesensethattheyhavebeenhonedbyevolutionandwhichareculturalorenvironmentalandmightmoreeasilybealteredbychangedcircumstancesisstillfiercelydebated.ThesensitivityofthequestionwasshownlastyearbyanuproaratHarvardUniversity.LarrySummersthenHarvard’spresidentcausedastormwhenhesuggestedthatinnateabilitycouldbeanimportantreasonwhythereweresofewwomeninthetoppositionsinmathematicsengineeringandthephysicalsciences.EvenasapropositionfordiscussionthisisUnacceptabletosome.Butbiologicalexplanationsofhumanbehavioraremakingacomeback.Thesuccessofneo-Darwinismhasprovidedanintellectualfoundationfordiscussionaboutwhysomedifferencesbetweenthesexesmightbeinnate.Andnewscanningtechniqueshaveenabledresearcherstoexaminethebrain’sinteriorwhileitisworkingshowingthatmaleandfemalebrainsdoatoneleveloperatedifferently.Theresultshoweverdonotalwayssupportpastclichésaboutwhatthedifferencesinquestionactuallyare.OnebehavioraldifferencethathasborneahugeamountofscrutinyisinmathematicsparticularlysinceDr.Summers’comments.Theproblemwithtryingtoarguethatthemaletendencytosystemizemightleadtogreatermathematicalabilityisthatinfactgirlsandboysareequallygoodatmathspriortoteenageyears.Untilrecentlyitwasbelievedthatmalesoutperformedfemalesinmathematicsatallages.Todaythatpicturehaschangedanditappearsthatmalesandfemalesofanyageareequallygoodatcomputationandatunderstandingmathematicalconcepts.Howeveraftertheirmid-teensmenarebetteratproblemsolvingthanwomenare.ThequestionraisedbyDr.Summersdoesgettotheheartofthematter.Overthepast50yearswomenhavemadehugeprogressintoacademiaandwithinit.Slowlytheyhaveworkedtheirwayintothehigherechelonsofdisciplineafterdiscipline.Butsomepartsoftheivorytowerhaveprovedhardertooccupythanothers.ThequestionremainstowhatdegreeistheabsenceofwomeninsciencemathematicsandengineeringcausedbyinnateimmutableabilityInnateitmaywellbe.Thatdoesnotmeanitisimmutable.Avarietyofabilitiesareamenabletotraininginbothsexes.Andsuchtrainingworks.Biologymaypredisposebutitisnotnecessarilydestiny.WelearnfromParagraph1thatmenandwomen______.
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 17
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 5
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 1
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:WherehavetheanimalspiritsgoneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays.Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiringsaysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemploymentshouldbefartheralongthanitis.CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm.Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas.Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomerssaysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer.Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing.SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund.There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’/BycitingthewordsofAramGreentheauthorintendstoshowthat______.
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 45
Withover10000librariesopenedworldwideand7.4millionbooksalreadydistributedtochildreninits10years46RoomtoRead—anonprofitthatpromotesgloballiteracy—aspirestocurbthestaggeringfigureof759millionilliterateadultslivinginemergingnations. "Ifeverycharitywasrunwithmoreofabusinessfocustheworldwouldbeabetterplace"saysJohnWoodaformerseniorexecutiveatMicrosoftbeforefoundingRoomtoReadin2000."We’vecreatedwhatIconsidertobeahybridorganization——thebestofcharitymergedwiththebestofbusiness." Theorganization’sgoalistoraise$30millionin2010.In2009RoomtoReadraised$28.3millionincashandstock—wellaboveits$23milliongoalanda28%increaseoverits2008contributions. Technologyiskeyforthecompanytoachieveitsgoals.TheSalesforce.comFoundationhasdonatedSalesforceCRMlicensestohelpRoomtoReadbuildtheirGlobalSolutionsDatabaseGSD.47TheGSDpaycloseattentiontoRoomtoRead’simplementationtimelinethenumberofstudentsandteachersbeingsupportedandthepercentageofcommunitycontribution.Thistechnologyhelpsthecompanyreportfigurestoitsdonors. 48"Technologyhasbeenaninvaluabletoolthat’sallowedustoreachouttoourcurrentinvestorsaswellasintroduceourselvestonewsupporters"explainsWood."Twitterhasopenedthedoortoanentirelynewbaseofsupportersforus—nowalmost430000strong—andwelikebeingabletoreachouttothemonareal-timebasisaboutourlatestnewsorstoriestheymayfindinteresting."RoomtoReadwasTwitter’sfirstcorporatesocialinnovationsponsor. 49Thenot-for-profitalsoaimstoimplanteffectiveeducationprogramsinthedevelopingworldthroughitsSchoolRoomprogramalongwithimprovingliteracyequalityamongthegenders.Two-thirdsofallilliterateadultsarefemale.Alreadyover9000femalestudentsareenjoyingscholarshipsthankstotheGirls’Educationprogram. WoodsaysRoomtoRead’simportancehasonlygrowninlightoftheworld’sstrugglingeconomy:"Iftherehasbeenanupsidetothefinancialcrisisit’sthatpeoplearebeingmorecarefulthaneverbeforeabouthowtheyinvestandthisappliesalsototheircharitableinvestments"heexplains.50"IthinkthemarketsareefficientinthesensethatalotofbusinessleadersseeinRoomtoReadanorganizationthatisrunlikeabusinessandtheythereforecontinuetoinvestinus." 49
Withover10000librariesopenedworldwideand7.4millionbooksalreadydistributedtochildreninits10years46RoomtoRead—anonprofitthatpromotesgloballiteracy—aspirestocurbthestaggeringfigureof759millionilliterateadultslivinginemergingnations. "Ifeverycharitywasrunwithmoreofabusinessfocustheworldwouldbeabetterplace"saysJohnWoodaformerseniorexecutiveatMicrosoftbeforefoundingRoomtoReadin2000."We’vecreatedwhatIconsidertobeahybridorganization——thebestofcharitymergedwiththebestofbusiness." Theorganization’sgoalistoraise$30millionin2010.In2009RoomtoReadraised$28.3millionincashandstock—wellaboveits$23milliongoalanda28%increaseoverits2008contributions. Technologyiskeyforthecompanytoachieveitsgoals.TheSalesforce.comFoundationhasdonatedSalesforceCRMlicensestohelpRoomtoReadbuildtheirGlobalSolutionsDatabaseGSD.47TheGSDpaycloseattentiontoRoomtoRead’simplementationtimelinethenumberofstudentsandteachersbeingsupportedandthepercentageofcommunitycontribution.Thistechnologyhelpsthecompanyreportfigurestoitsdonors. 48"Technologyhasbeenaninvaluabletoolthat’sallowedustoreachouttoourcurrentinvestorsaswellasintroduceourselvestonewsupporters"explainsWood."Twitterhasopenedthedoortoanentirelynewbaseofsupportersforus—nowalmost430000strong—andwelikebeingabletoreachouttothemonareal-timebasisaboutourlatestnewsorstoriestheymayfindinteresting."RoomtoReadwasTwitter’sfirstcorporatesocialinnovationsponsor. 49Thenot-for-profitalsoaimstoimplanteffectiveeducationprogramsinthedevelopingworldthroughitsSchoolRoomprogramalongwithimprovingliteracyequalityamongthegenders.Two-thirdsofallilliterateadultsarefemale.Alreadyover9000femalestudentsareenjoyingscholarshipsthankstotheGirls’Educationprogram. WoodsaysRoomtoRead’simportancehasonlygrowninlightoftheworld’sstrugglingeconomy:"Iftherehasbeenanupsidetothefinancialcrisisit’sthatpeoplearebeingmorecarefulthaneverbeforeabouthowtheyinvestandthisappliesalsototheircharitableinvestments"heexplains.50"IthinkthemarketsareefficientinthesensethatalotofbusinessleadersseeinRoomtoReadanorganizationthatisrunlikeabusinessandtheythereforecontinuetoinvestinus." 47
Directions:Youareinchargeofadininghallinauniversity.Youreceivedafewletterscomplainingaboutthecrowdedconditionofyourdininghall.Writealettertooneofthecomplainersto1acknowledgethecomplaints2suggestalternativestoavoidthecrowdednessand3expressyourappreciationforthecomments.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
OnthefirstEarthDaytheU.S.wasapoisonednation.DenseairpollutionblanketedcitieslikeLosAngeleswheresmogalertswereafactoflife.DangerouspesticideslikeDDTwerestillinuseandwaterpollutionwasrampant—symbolizedbyragingfiresonCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver.ButthegreenmovementthatwasenergizedbyEarthDay—andthelandmarkfederalactionsthatfollowedit—changedmuchofthat.TodayairpollutionisdownsignificantlyinmosturbanareasthewateriscleanerandeventheCuyahogaishometofishagain.ButifthelandishealingAmericansmaybesickening.SinceWorldWarⅡproductionofindustrialchemicalshasrisenrapidlyandtheU.S.generatesorimportssome19billionkgofthemperday.Thesearen’tthesortsofchemicalsthatcometomindwhenwepicturepollution—hugeplantsspillingcontaminatedwastewaterintorivers.Ratherthey’rethemoleculesthatmakegoodontheoldbetterlivingthroughchemistrypromiseappearinginitemslikeunbreakablebabybottlesandbig-screenTVs.Thosechemicalshaveahabitoffindingtheirwayoutofeverydayproductsandintotheenvironment—andultimatelyintolivingorganisms.Arecentbiomonitoringsurveyfoundtracesof212environmentalchemicalsinAmericans—includingtoxicmetalspesticidesetc.It’snottheenvironmentthat’scontaminatedsomuchsaysthedirectoroftheCincinnatiChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenter.It’sus.Asscientistsgetbetteratdetectingthechemicalsinourbodiesthey’rediscoveringthateventinyquantitiesoftoxinscanhaveapotentiallyseriousimpactonourhealth—andourchildren’sfuture.ChemicalslikebisphenolABPAandphthalates—keyingredientsinmodernplastics—maydisruptthedelicateendocrinesystem.Ahostofmodernillsthathavebeenrisinguncheckedforageneration—obesitydiabetesattention-deficitdisorder—couldhavechemicalconnections.Wedon’tgiveenvironmentalexposuretheattentionitdeservessaysDr.PhilipLandrigan.Butthere’sanemergingunderstandingthatkidsareuniquelysusceptibletoenvironmentalhazards.Washingtonhasbeenslowtoarriveatthatconclusion.TheToxicSubstancesControlActTSCAthe34-year-oldvehicleforfederalchemicalregulationhasgenerallybeenafailure.Theburdenofprovingchemicalsdangerousfallsalmostentirelyonthegovernment.AndtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAhasbeenabletoissuerestrictionsononlyahandfulofchemicalsandhaslackedthepowertobanevensomedangerouscancer-causingsubstances.Butchangeiscoming.TheObamaAdministrationistakingacloserlookatchemicals.MoreimportantCongressmayfinallybereadytoact.Wecan’tpermitthisassaultonourchildren’shealth—andourownhealth—tocontinuesaysSenatorFrankLautenberg.AstothechemicalproblemtheauthorholdsinParagraph4that______.
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 9
Theideathatboysandgirls—andmenandwomen—areprogrammedbyevolutiontobehavedifferentlyfromoneanotherisnowwidelyacknowledged.Butwhichofthedifferencesbetweenthesexesarebiologicalinthesensethattheyhavebeenhonedbyevolutionandwhichareculturalorenvironmentalandmightmoreeasilybealteredbychangedcircumstancesisstillfiercelydebated.ThesensitivityofthequestionwasshownlastyearbyanuproaratHarvardUniversity.LarrySummersthenHarvard’spresidentcausedastormwhenhesuggestedthatinnateabilitycouldbeanimportantreasonwhythereweresofewwomeninthetoppositionsinmathematicsengineeringandthephysicalsciences.EvenasapropositionfordiscussionthisisUnacceptabletosome.Butbiologicalexplanationsofhumanbehavioraremakingacomeback.Thesuccessofneo-Darwinismhasprovidedanintellectualfoundationfordiscussionaboutwhysomedifferencesbetweenthesexesmightbeinnate.Andnewscanningtechniqueshaveenabledresearcherstoexaminethebrain’sinteriorwhileitisworkingshowingthatmaleandfemalebrainsdoatoneleveloperatedifferently.Theresultshoweverdonotalwayssupportpastclichésaboutwhatthedifferencesinquestionactuallyare.OnebehavioraldifferencethathasborneahugeamountofscrutinyisinmathematicsparticularlysinceDr.Summers’comments.Theproblemwithtryingtoarguethatthemaletendencytosystemizemightleadtogreatermathematicalabilityisthatinfactgirlsandboysareequallygoodatmathspriortoteenageyears.Untilrecentlyitwasbelievedthatmalesoutperformedfemalesinmathematicsatallages.Todaythatpicturehaschangedanditappearsthatmalesandfemalesofanyageareequallygoodatcomputationandatunderstandingmathematicalconcepts.Howeveraftertheirmid-teensmenarebetteratproblemsolvingthanwomenare.ThequestionraisedbyDr.Summersdoesgettotheheartofthematter.Overthepast50yearswomenhavemadehugeprogressintoacademiaandwithinit.Slowlytheyhaveworkedtheirwayintothehigherechelonsofdisciplineafterdiscipline.Butsomepartsoftheivorytowerhaveprovedhardertooccupythanothers.ThequestionremainstowhatdegreeistheabsenceofwomeninsciencemathematicsandengineeringcausedbyinnateimmutableabilityInnateitmaywellbe.Thatdoesnotmeanitisimmutable.Avarietyofabilitiesareamenabletotraininginbothsexes.Andsuchtrainingworks.Biologymaypredisposebutitisnotnecessarilydestiny.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph4
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs. Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions. Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.Amoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharm"Itiswrongtohit"wouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers. 49
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 3
BabyboomersfrettingovertheirpensionsshouldspareathoughtforConstanceDeCherney.Likemanyofhergenerationthe27-year-oldWebstrategistatPlannedParenthoodinNewYorkhasdonelittletoprepareforretirement.Justtheideaof[savingforretirement]feelsoverwhelmingshesays.Myfearofdoingsomethingwrongornotdoingenoughsortofparalyzesme.DeCherneyistypicalofAmerica’sso-calledGenerationYthetwentysomethingswhohaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastI0years.Alreadysaddledwithstudentdebtsaveragingalmost$20000accordingtoNewYork-basedthinktankDemosGenYisinatougherfinancialpositionthanpreviousgenerations.Theaveragesalaryfor25-to34-year-oldsforinstancefell19percentoverthelast30yearsafteradjustingforinflationto$35100Demosestimates.That’siftheycangetjobs:unemploymentamong19-to24-year-oldsstandsat15.3percentvs.theoverallrateof9.5percentaccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.Whilemanyoftheirparentshaveguaranteedretirementincomefrombeinginacompany-fundedpensionforpartoftheircareersGenYisthefirstdo-it-yourselfretirementgenerationsaysCatherineCollinsonpresidentoftheTransamericaCenterforRetirementStudiesinLosAngeles.InvestmentcompaniesaresteppingupeffortstoengageGenYersinretirementplanning.CharlesSchwabhasrevampeditswebsitetoincludeweeklyadviceforyoungerworkersoneverythingfromretirementplanningtopayingdowndebt.VanguardistestingoutsocialmediausingmoreblogsaFacebookpageandsoonTwitter.It’showthisyoungergenerationlearnssaysVanguardChiefExecutiveOfficerWilliamMcNabbⅢ.Fidelitythenation’slargest401kadministratorinJunelaunchedaniPhoneappfortrackingretirementsavingsandhasreplacedbulkypensionliteraturewithe-mailupdates.ThisgenerationlacksconfidenceaboutmakingfinancialdecisionssaysBethMcHughFidelity’svice-presidentofmarketinsights.Youhavetoexplainwhyplanningforretirementissoimportant.That’spresumingyoucangettheirattention.Fewerthan4000FacebookusershaveclickedthelikebuttonforFidelity’spageandabout9000havedonesoforVanguard’s.Meanwhile4.2millionpeoplesaytheylikeAppleiTunesonFacebook.SchwabwhichbegansendingTwitterfeedsinmid-Junehas277followers.WholeFoodsMarkethas1.8million.Somebabyboomerparentsenlistthehelpoftheirfinancialplannersingivingtheirkidsaretirementrealitycheck.JimStoopsaSchwabfinancialconsultantinChicagosayshis250-plusclientsoftenbringtheirsonsanddaughterstohisofficeforadvice.Parentsjustcan’tbelievehowdifficultretirementwillbefortheirchildrenhesays.They’retryingtoinstillfinancialvaluesintheirkids./IntheviewofCatherineCollinsonGenY______.
Losingweightcanseemlikeanunwinnablewar.Youknowyouneedtoeatlessandexercisemorebutthat’s1impossiblewheneverythinginyourlife—fromjobstresstothetemptationoffastand2foods—encouragesyoutodothe3.Ahealthydietandregularexercisearecertainlythebestweaponsagainstweightgain4thefactisthatsometimestheyaren’tenough.Andthat’s5sciencemaysomedaybeabletohelp. Invariousresearchlabsresearchersarecloselylooking6thebiologicalmechanismsofobesity7whysomebodiesstorefatso8andwhyothersarebetteratburningthecaloriesthey9.Theyarediscoveringasurprising10ofmetabolicandphysiologicfactorsthatcontributetoweight:didyouknowforinstancethatyourintestinesarefullofbacteriathatcan11orrestrainweightgaintosomeextentOrthatthebrownfat—whichis12innewborns—actuallyburnsalotofcalories13thetraditionalwhitefatcommonlystoredinbellies Theseandotherfindingsaboutthebiologyofweightgaincouldbethe14toslimmingourcollectivewaistlineifscientistscansomedayusethemto15bettertreatmentsforobesity.16wecouldusethehelp:inthedecadebetweentheyearof1991andthatof2000the17ofoverweightadultsintheU.S.increasedby61%.Lastyear30%ofchildrenin30states18thescalesaseitheroverweightorobese."Wejustdon’thaveenoughphysicianstotreatalltheobesepeople"saysDr.MichaelJensenprofessorofmedicine. Ifthelatestfindingsfromobesitylabsproveas19astheyarepromisingtheycouldinthefuturemakethejoboffightingobesityeasierfor20andpatientsandhelpallofusgetanextraboostfromourdietandexerciseprograms. 15
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