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Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 19
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwentyfirstcenturycitieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas. Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld. Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyetoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture. Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofover-centralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems. Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction. Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell. TheadvantageoftelecitiesovermegacitiesmayincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 1
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwentyfirstcenturycitieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas. Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld. Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyetoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture. Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofover-centralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems. Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction. Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell. Accordingtotheauthorthemostactiveadvocatesoftelecitiesare
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 7
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereatingandnot-sohealthyeating--aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseatanever-quick-eningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycorneroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere. Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodsavvyasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth. TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether. Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime--thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow. Accordingtothepassagethetrendofnewculinarymosaicismostacceleratedby
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionofperiodicals [C]Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline [D]Theintroductionofreviews [E]Featureso~periodicals [F]Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.______. Historicallymostperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.______. Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoforms’differingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.______. TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesSayahs1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.______. ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731-1907--thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. 45.______. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpolitiesandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributorstheEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitslongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 41
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 11
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionofperiodicals [C]Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline [D]Theintroductionofreviews [E]Featureso~periodicals [F]Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.______. Historicallymostperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.______. Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoforms’differingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.______. TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesSayahs1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.______. ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731-1907--thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. 45.______. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpolitiesandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributorstheEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitslongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 43
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionofperiodicals [C]Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline [D]Theintroductionofreviews [E]Featureso~periodicals [F]Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.______. Historicallymostperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.______. Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoforms’differingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.______. TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesSayahs1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.______. ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731-1907--thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. 45.______. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpolitiesandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributorstheEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitslongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 45
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife--orlove--offline.48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarcreadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.TurnoniFit.corn’s"OneOn-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims--simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople. 47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear.
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch—werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren. GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.Onelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenon"HurricaneGlenn"anironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998. TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket. Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself—andothers—toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord. 50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit. Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission. Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 15
Text1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors. Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop. Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarⅡatomicagemadeitcriticalto"thinkabouttheunthinkable"andprepareforit.Pioneeringfuturistsatthe:RANDCorporationthefirst"thinktank"beganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectUSsecurity.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture. Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems. Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet. Whichofthefollowingmayberegardedaspotentialcrises
Directions:Youhaveboughtabrand-newcomputerinadealer’soffice.Butmuchtoyourdisappointmentitcouldnotbenormallyoperatedwhenyougotitback.Writealettertothemanager1launchingyourcomplaints2specifyingitstroubles3andproposingsolutions.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereatingandnot-sohealthyeating--aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseatanever-quick-eningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycorneroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere. Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodsavvyasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth. TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether. Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime--thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 5
Text1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors. Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop. Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarⅡatomicagemadeitcriticalto"thinkabouttheunthinkable"andprepareforit.Pioneeringfuturistsatthe:RANDCorporationthefirst"thinktank"beganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectUSsecurity.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture. Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems. Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantthingforthefuturiststograspis
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Text2 IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies
Text1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors. Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop. Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarⅡatomicagemadeitcriticalto"thinkabouttheunthinkable"andprepareforit.Pioneeringfuturistsatthe:RANDCorporationthefirst"thinktank"beganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectUSsecurity.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture. Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems. Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet. AllthefollowingarecitedasexamplesoftheimportanceofexercisingforesightEXCEPT
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife--orlove--offline.48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarcreadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.TurnoniFit.corn’s"OneOn-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims--simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople. 49ItsAdventureseriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethebeautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRockorthetropicalparadiseofHawaii.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. 1
Text2 IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. MostAmericanfirmsputtheirmoneymainlyin
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 17
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 13
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch—werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren. GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.Onelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenon"HurricaneGlenn"anironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998. TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket. Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself—andothers—toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord. 50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit. Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission. NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereatingandnot-sohealthyeating--aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseatanever-quick-eningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycorneroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere. Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodsavvyasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth. TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether. Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime--thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow. ThephraseglobalcuisineLine6Paragraph4probablymeans
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 9
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 3
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