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炎症时，经被动过程从血管中到血管外组织的细胞是
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炎症时经被动过程从血管中到血管外组织的细胞是
淋巴细胞
红细胞
单核细胞
嗜酸性粒细胞
中性粒细胞(38/2003)
炎症时经被动过程从血管内到血管外组织的细胞是
淋巴细胞
红细胞
单核细胞
嗜酸粒细胞
嗜碱粒细胞
炎症所致血管扩张血流量增多称为__炎症时组织间液增多称 为__ 白细胞从血管内渗出到组织间隙中的现象
炎症时经被动过程从血管内到血管外组织的细胞是
淋巴细胞
红细胞
单核细胞
嗜酸性粒细胞
嗜碱性粒细胞
炎症时经被动过程从血管中到血管外组织的细胞是
淋巴细胞
红细胞
单核细胞
嗜酸性粒细胞
下列糖皮质激素抗炎作用原理中哪一项是错误的
抑制白细胞、吞噬细胞移行血管外，减轻炎症浸润
提高血管对儿茶酚胺的敏感性，使血管收缩，渗出减少
促进肉芽组织生成，加速组织修复
增加肥大细胞膜的稳定性，减少组胺释放
稳定溶酶体膜，抑制致炎物质的释放
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Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41--46choosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA--Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereisoneextrachoicethatdoesnotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.A smoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-A-vestaFromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.41__________________HearguedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety. Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.42__________________.Forexampleanexpressionlike"maidendawn"for"sunrise"resultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther. Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthedistantpast.43__________________ SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinTheGoldenBough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagiclaterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience. TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1889alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametobelievethatmanymythshadtheiroriginintheritualpracticesofancientagriculturalpeoplesforwhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.44__________________.ThisapproachreacheditsmostextremeforminthesocalledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth. Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore--whethertheseasonalcycleso5naturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.45__________________ [A]German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia--theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage--reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.Muilerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena [B]ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety. [C]AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths--likedreams--condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols. [D]ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTylor.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylororganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages. [E]ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaning"fable"torefertothetalesofheroesandgods. [F]GermanscholarKarlOtfriedMailerfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythologyt825. 41
请分析说明以下几句话的基本含义并结合这些内容简要论述唐律的特点 A．“诸共同犯罪者以造意为首随从减一等” B．“礼者敬之本敬者礼之舆故礼运云‘礼者君之柄所以别嫌明微考制度别仁义’责其所犯既大皆无肃敬之心故曰‘大不敬’” C．“诸断罪而无正条其应出罪者则举重以明轻其应人罪者则举轻以明重” ——唐律疏议·名例
VintonCerfknownasthefatheroftheInternetsaidonWednesdaythattheWebwasoutgrowingtheplanetEarthandthetimehadcometotaketheinformationsuperhighwaytoouterspace. "TheInternetisgrowingquicklyandwestillhavealotofworktodotocovertheplanet"CerftoldthefirstdayoftheannualconferenceoftheInternetSocietyinGenevawheremorethan1500cyberspacefanshavegatheredtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthetangledweboftheInternet Cedbelievedthatitwouldsoonbepossibletosendreal-timesciencedataontheInternetfromaspacemissionorbitinganotherplanetsuchasMars."ThereisnowaneffortunderwaytodesignandbuildaninterplanetaryInternet.Thespaceresearchcommunityiscomingcloserandcloserandmerging.WethinkthatwewillseeinterplanetaryInternetnetworksthatlookverymuchliketheonesweusetoday.Wewillneedinterplanetarygatewaysandtherewillbeprotocolstotransmitdatabetweenthesegateways"Cerfsaid. FrancoisFluekigerascientistattendingtheconferencefromtheEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratorynearGenevawasnotentirelyconvincedsaying.."Weneeddreamslikethis.ButIdon’tknowanyMartianwhomI’dliketocommunicatewiththroughtheInternet.’ CerfhasbeenworkingwithNASA’sPasadenaJetPropulsionLaboratory--thepeoplebehindtherecentMarsexpedition--todesignwhathecallsan"interplanetaryInternetprotocol"HebelievesthatastronautswillwanttousetheInternetalthoughspecialproblemsremainwithinterferenceanddelay. "ThisisquiterealTheeffortisbecomingextraordinarilyconcreteoverthenextfewmonthsbecausethenextMarsmissionisinplanningstagesnow"Cerftoldtheconference. "IfweusedomainnameslikeEarthorMarsjetpropulsionlaboratorypeoplewouldbecomingtogetherwithpeoplefromtheInternetcommunity.’Headded. "TheideaistotaketheinterplanetaryInternetdesignandmakeitapartoftheinfrastructureoftheMarsmission." Helatertoldanewsconferencethatdesigningthissystemnowwouldpreparemankindoffuturetechnologicaladvances. "Thewholeidesistocreateanarchitecturesothedesignworksanywhere.Idon’tknowwherewe’regoingtohavetoputitbutmyguessisthatwe’llbegoingouttheresometime"Cerfsaid. "Ifyouthink100yearsfromnowitisentirelypossiblethatwhatwillbepurelyresearch50yearsfromnowwillbecomecommercialized." Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility. Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation. Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising. Accordingtothesecondparagraphland-grantcollege
OnemeaningoftheGreekword"dran"istoaccomplishandinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptisinpersonaltermsatleastunsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful. Thisactionfromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoalmustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofstepsthesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintimehewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperationinhumanaffairsoflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflictpresentinvirtuallyallplaysappears.Thecentralfigureoftheplay--theprotagonist---encountersdifficulties;hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstanceswithpurposesofothercharactersintheplayorwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwordstheypresentcomplicationsandhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normallycomplicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanotheroronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolutionachievedorattemptedtheprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercoursepointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofindresolutionordenouement. ThewordcrisisinthelastlinebutonePara.2mostprobablyimplies
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ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41--46choosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA--Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereisoneextrachoicethatdoesnotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.A smoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-A-vestaFromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.41__________________HearguedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety. Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.42__________________.Forexampleanexpressionlike"maidendawn"for"sunrise"resultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther. Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthedistantpast.43__________________ SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinTheGoldenBough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagiclaterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience. TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1889alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametobelievethatmanymythshadtheiroriginintheritualpracticesofancientagriculturalpeoplesforwhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.44__________________.ThisapproachreacheditsmostextremeforminthesocalledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth. Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore--whethertheseasonalcycleso5naturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.45__________________ [A]German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia--theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage--reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.Muilerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena [B]ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety. [C]AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths--likedreams--condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols. [D]ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTylor.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylororganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages. [E]ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaning"fable"torefertothetalesofheroesandgods. [F]GermanscholarKarlOtfriedMailerfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythologyt825. 43
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
VintonCerfknownasthefatheroftheInternetsaidonWednesdaythattheWebwasoutgrowingtheplanetEarthandthetimehadcometotaketheinformationsuperhighwaytoouterspace. "TheInternetisgrowingquicklyandwestillhavealotofworktodotocovertheplanet"CerftoldthefirstdayoftheannualconferenceoftheInternetSocietyinGenevawheremorethan1500cyberspacefanshavegatheredtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthetangledweboftheInternet Cedbelievedthatitwouldsoonbepossibletosendreal-timesciencedataontheInternetfromaspacemissionorbitinganotherplanetsuchasMars."ThereisnowaneffortunderwaytodesignandbuildaninterplanetaryInternet.Thespaceresearchcommunityiscomingcloserandcloserandmerging.WethinkthatwewillseeinterplanetaryInternetnetworksthatlookverymuchliketheonesweusetoday.Wewillneedinterplanetarygatewaysandtherewillbeprotocolstotransmitdatabetweenthesegateways"Cerfsaid. FrancoisFluekigerascientistattendingtheconferencefromtheEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratorynearGenevawasnotentirelyconvincedsaying.."Weneeddreamslikethis.ButIdon’tknowanyMartianwhomI’dliketocommunicatewiththroughtheInternet.’ CerfhasbeenworkingwithNASA’sPasadenaJetPropulsionLaboratory--thepeoplebehindtherecentMarsexpedition--todesignwhathecallsan"interplanetaryInternetprotocol"HebelievesthatastronautswillwanttousetheInternetalthoughspecialproblemsremainwithinterferenceanddelay. "ThisisquiterealTheeffortisbecomingextraordinarilyconcreteoverthenextfewmonthsbecausethenextMarsmissionisinplanningstagesnow"Cerftoldtheconference. "IfweusedomainnameslikeEarthorMarsjetpropulsionlaboratorypeoplewouldbecomingtogetherwithpeoplefromtheInternetcommunity.’Headded. "TheideaistotaketheinterplanetaryInternetdesignandmakeitapartoftheinfrastructureoftheMarsmission." Helatertoldanewsconferencethatdesigningthissystemnowwouldpreparemankindoffuturetechnologicaladvances. "Thewholeidesistocreateanarchitecturesothedesignworksanywhere.Idon’tknowwherewe’regoingtohavetoputitbutmyguessisthatwe’llbegoingouttheresometime"Cerfsaid. "Ifyouthink100yearsfromnowitisentirelypossiblethatwhatwillbepurelyresearch50yearsfromnowwillbecomecommercialized." AccordingtoCerfthepurposetodesigninterplanetaryInternetisto
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41--46choosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA--Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereisoneextrachoicethatdoesnotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.A smoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-A-vestaFromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.41__________________HearguedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety. Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.42__________________.Forexampleanexpressionlike"maidendawn"for"sunrise"resultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther. Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthedistantpast.43__________________ SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinTheGoldenBough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagiclaterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience. TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1889alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametobelievethatmanymythshadtheiroriginintheritualpracticesofancientagriculturalpeoplesforwhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.44__________________.ThisapproachreacheditsmostextremeforminthesocalledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth. Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore--whethertheseasonalcycleso5naturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.45__________________ [A]German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia--theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage--reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.Muilerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena [B]ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety. [C]AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths--likedreams--condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols. [D]ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTylor.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylororganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages. [E]ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaning"fable"torefertothetalesofheroesandgods. [F]GermanscholarKarlOtfriedMailerfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythologyt825. 45
VintonCerfknownasthefatheroftheInternetsaidonWednesdaythattheWebwasoutgrowingtheplanetEarthandthetimehadcometotaketheinformationsuperhighwaytoouterspace. "TheInternetisgrowingquicklyandwestillhavealotofworktodotocovertheplanet"CerftoldthefirstdayoftheannualconferenceoftheInternetSocietyinGenevawheremorethan1500cyberspacefanshavegatheredtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthetangledweboftheInternet Cedbelievedthatitwouldsoonbepossibletosendreal-timesciencedataontheInternetfromaspacemissionorbitinganotherplanetsuchasMars."ThereisnowaneffortunderwaytodesignandbuildaninterplanetaryInternet.Thespaceresearchcommunityiscomingcloserandcloserandmerging.WethinkthatwewillseeinterplanetaryInternetnetworksthatlookverymuchliketheonesweusetoday.Wewillneedinterplanetarygatewaysandtherewillbeprotocolstotransmitdatabetweenthesegateways"Cerfsaid. FrancoisFluekigerascientistattendingtheconferencefromtheEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratorynearGenevawasnotentirelyconvincedsaying.."Weneeddreamslikethis.ButIdon’tknowanyMartianwhomI’dliketocommunicatewiththroughtheInternet.’ CerfhasbeenworkingwithNASA’sPasadenaJetPropulsionLaboratory--thepeoplebehindtherecentMarsexpedition--todesignwhathecallsan"interplanetaryInternetprotocol"HebelievesthatastronautswillwanttousetheInternetalthoughspecialproblemsremainwithinterferenceanddelay. "ThisisquiterealTheeffortisbecomingextraordinarilyconcreteoverthenextfewmonthsbecausethenextMarsmissionisinplanningstagesnow"Cerftoldtheconference. "IfweusedomainnameslikeEarthorMarsjetpropulsionlaboratorypeoplewouldbecomingtogetherwithpeoplefromtheInternetcommunity.’Headded. "TheideaistotaketheinterplanetaryInternetdesignandmakeitapartoftheinfrastructureoftheMarsmission." Helatertoldanewsconferencethatdesigningthissystemnowwouldpreparemankindoffuturetechnologicaladvances. "Thewholeidesistocreateanarchitecturesothedesignworksanywhere.Idon’tknowwherewe’regoingtohavetoputitbutmyguessisthatwe’llbegoingouttheresometime"Cerfsaid. "Ifyouthink100yearsfromnowitisentirelypossiblethatwhatwillbepurelyresearch50yearsfromnowwillbecomecommercialized." Whichofthefollowingisthemainpointofthetext
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility. Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation. Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefirstparagraph
根据我国法律的规定特别行政区的政权组织是特别行政区的
Materialculturereferstothetouchablematerial"things"--physicalobjectsthatcanbeseenheldfeltused--thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwayoflifeSimilarlyresearchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusicculture.Themostvividbodyof"thing"initofcourseismusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinventedsowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.ThroughthestudyofinstrumentsaswellaspaintingswrittendocumentsandsoonwecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsagoforwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra. Sheetmusicorprintedmusictooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprintbutresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEuropeBritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysongyettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besidestheabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansandwhenitbecomeswidespreadonthemusic-cultureasawhole. Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefoldmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritage.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalwayspeople’saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike. Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia--radiorecordplayertaperecorderandtelevisionwiththefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution"atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodernnations;theyhaveaffectedmusicculturesallovertheglobe. ThewordphonographLine5Para.1mostprobablymeans
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
OnemeaningoftheGreekword"dran"istoaccomplishandinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptisinpersonaltermsatleastunsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful. Thisactionfromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoalmustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofstepsthesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintimehewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperationinhumanaffairsoflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflictpresentinvirtuallyallplaysappears.Thecentralfigureoftheplay--theprotagonist---encountersdifficulties;hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstanceswithpurposesofothercharactersintheplayorwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwordstheypresentcomplicationsandhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normallycomplicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanotheroronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolutionachievedorattemptedtheprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercoursepointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofindresolutionordenouement. Adramaisarrangedmainlyinaccordancewith
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility. Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation. Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising. Thebesttitleforthepassageis
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Thereisnoquestionthatscience-fictionwritershavebecomemoreambitiousstylisticallyandthematicallyinrecentyears.46Butthismayhavelesstodowiththeluringcallofacademicsurroundingsthanwithchangingmarketconditions--afactorthatacademiccriticsrarelytakeintoaccount.RobertSilverbergaformerpresidentofTheScienceFictionWritersofAmericaisoneofthemostprolificprofessionalsinafielddominatedbypeoplewhoactuallywriteforaliving.UnlikemysteryorWesternwritersmostsciencefictionwriterscannotexpecttocashinonfatmoviesalesorTVtie-ins.47StillinhislatethirtiesSilverberghaspublishedmorethanahundredbooksandheisdisarminglyfrankabouttherelationshipbetweenthequalityofgenuineproseandthequalityofavailableoutlet.Byhisownaccounthewas"anannoyinglyverbalyoungman"fromBrooklynwhopickeduphisfirstscience-fictionbookattheageoftenstartedwritingseriouslyattheageofthirteenandatseventeennearlygaveupindespairoverhisinabilitytobreakintothepulpmagazines.48Athisparents’urgingheenrolledinColumbiaUniversitysothatifworsecametoworsthecouldalwaysgototheSchoolofJournalismand"getanicesteadyjobsomewhere".Duringhissophomoreyearhesoldhisfirstscience-fictionsstorytoaScottishmagazinenamedNebula.Bytheendofhisjunioryearhehadsoldanovelandtwentymorestories.49Bytheendofhissenioryearhewasearningtwohundreddollarsaweekwritingsciencefictionandhisparentswerereconciledtohispursuitoftheliterarylife."Ibecameverycynicalveryquickly"hesays."FirstIcouldn’tsellanythingthenIcouldselleverything.Themarketplayedtomyworstcharacteristics.Aneditorofaschlockmagazinewouldcalluptotellmehehadaten-thousand-wordholetofillinhisnextissueI’dfillitovernightforahundredandfiftydollars.Ifoundthatrewritingmadenodifference.50IknewIcouldnotpossiblywritethekindsofthingsIadmiredasareader--JoyceKafkaMann--soIdetachedmyselffrommywork.Iwasaphenomenonamongmyfriendsincollegeapublishedsellingauthor.Buttheyalwaysasked’Whenareyougoingtodosomethingserious’--meaningsomethingthatwasn’tsciencefiction--andIkepttellingthem"WhenI’mfinanciallysecure.." StillinhislatethirtiesSilverberghaspublishedmorethanahundredbooksandheisdisarminglyfrankabouttherelationshipbetweenthequalityofgenuineproseandthequalityofavailableoutlet
Materialculturereferstothetouchablematerial"things"--physicalobjectsthatcanbeseenheldfeltused--thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwayoflifeSimilarlyresearchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusicculture.Themostvividbodyof"thing"initofcourseismusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinventedsowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.ThroughthestudyofinstrumentsaswellaspaintingswrittendocumentsandsoonwecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsagoforwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra. Sheetmusicorprintedmusictooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprintbutresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEuropeBritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysongyettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besidestheabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansandwhenitbecomeswidespreadonthemusic-cultureasawhole. Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefoldmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritage.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalwayspeople’saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike. Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia--radiorecordplayertaperecorderandtelevisionwiththefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution"atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodernnations;theyhaveaffectedmusicculturesallovertheglobe. Whichofthefollowingisnotanadvantageofprintedmusic
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