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Directions: Your roommate Mary transferred to another school a few days ago. Writer a letter to: 1...
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Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 1
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.SowhichiscorrectWhatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowthToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtednessAdmittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial.SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence.throughrose-coloredglassesLines2～3Paragraph3means
Directions:Youfelliiiandneededanoperation.ThedoctorsofTallOaksHospitalcarriedoutanoperationonyou.Writeraletterofthanksincludingthefollowingdetails:1Describingthemoodbeforeoperation;2AcknowledgingthestuffoftheTallOaksHospital;Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.SowhichiscorrectWhatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowthToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtednessAdmittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial.SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphzerogrowth
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’sEnlightenmentclaimedtheConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere.AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarⅠwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar.TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesistheoyabun-kobunorparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.Theoyabun-kohuncreatesladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession.TodayinJapandemocraticvalues
ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly.CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001.Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceci.apediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer.Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsmthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear.Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout.Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-year-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly.AccordingtoRobertArcecichildcancerresearchisalsoworthfundingbecause
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. 47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution.
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41.____________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalre- sourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42.____________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43.____________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44.____________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45.____________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. 45
[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41.____________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalre- sourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42.____________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43.____________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44.____________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45.____________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. 43
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly.CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001.Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceci.apediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer.Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsmthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear.Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout.Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-year-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly.Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’sEnlightenmentclaimedtheConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere.AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarⅠwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar.TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesistheoyabun-kobunorparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.Theoyabun-kohuncreatesladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession.Theauthorimplies
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.
Directions:Youmadeatravelwithatravelagencyafewdaysagoandyouweredisappointedwithitsservice.Writealettertotherelateddepartmentto:1complainabouttheirbadservice;2promptyoursuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’sEnlightenmentclaimedtheConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere.AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarⅠwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar.TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesistheoyabun-kobunorparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.Theoyabun-kohuncreatesladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession.ThespokesmanofJapan’sEnlightenmentthinksthat
Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.NotasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohassofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.NeutrinoscarrywithTheirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse.HowcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteractssoinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles.Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere.ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises.Whatkindofneutrinoswouldbemostusefultoastronomers
Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.NotasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohassofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.NeutrinoscarrywithTheirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse.HowcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteractssoinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles.Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere.ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises.Whichofthefollowingisthemostdesirablesitewherecosmicneutrinoscanbeeasilydetected
[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41.____________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalre- sourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42.____________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43.____________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44.____________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45.____________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. 41
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.SowhichiscorrectWhatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowthToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtednessAdmittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial.SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthoragreewith
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