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虚拟设备采用的核心技术是SPOOLing技术。( )
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操作系统中的SPOOLING技术的实质是将转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
在操作系统中虚拟设备通常采用设备来提供虚拟设备
Spooling 技术，利用磁带
Spooling 技术，利用磁盘
脱机批处理技术，利用磁盘
通道技术，利用磁带
下面的叙述中正确的是______
SPOOLING技术利用了外设概念
SPOOLING技术利用了虚拟设备概念
SPOOLING技术利用了磁带概念
SPOOLING技术利用了存储概念
虚拟设备是通过SPOOLing技术把______________设备变成能为若干用户________
SPOOLing是一种典型的虚拟设备技术它能够解决处理机和设备之间的【15】不匹配问题
系统利用sPOOLing技术实现______
对换手段
虚拟设备
磁带概念
虚拟存储
操作系统中的SPOOLing技术实质上是将15转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
操作系统中Spooling技术实质是将转化为共享设备的技术
虚拟设备
独占设备 、
脱机设备
块设备
SPOOLing是一种典型的虚拟设备技术它能够解决处理机和设备之间的______不匹配问题
操作系统中的SPOOLING技术实质上是将转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
SPOOLING技术利用于
外设概念
虚拟设备
磁带概念
存储概念
请说明SPOOLing技术是如何实现虚拟设备的
操作系统中的SPOOLing技术实质上是将______转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
SPOOLing技术使用了
外设概念
虚拟设备概念
磁带概念
存储概念
SPOOLing技术利用于
外设概念
虚拟设备概念
磁带概念
存储概念
操作系统中的Spooling技术实质是将转换为共享设备的技术
虚拟设备
独占设备
脱机设备
块设备
操作系统中的SPOOLing技术实质上是将18转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
虚拟设备是通过SPOOLING技术把独占设备变成能为若干用 户___________的设备
操作系统中的SPOOLing技术的实质是将转换为共享设备的技术
脱机设备
块设备
独占设备
虚拟设备
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In2010afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisationBIOatradegroupassuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle. OnJuly29ththeywererelievedatleasttemporarily.AfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisionrulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriadacompanyinUtahsaidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike. Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicinethecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnaturesoitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcasearguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature..thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds." Despitetheappealscourt’sdecisionbigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexampleitisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt. Astheindustryadvanceshoweverothersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmoleculesImostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteractlookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacycompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor’connectingthedits’explainsHansSaueralawyerfortheBIO. TheirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissuebroughtbytheMayoClinicwhichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked. Thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit. Craftsmenmightprefertotradeintheirowntownbecause
计算机系统的二级存储包括
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit. TheexpressionforestallthemarketLine1Para.3probablymeans
ThesuddendramaticexplosioninvalueofonlinesocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterisreminiscentoftheriseabout15yearsagooftheonlinebusinessesthatcreatedthe"dotcombubble."TheInternetwasfarlesswidelyusedthanitistoday.StillvisionariessawthepotentialfortheInternetwehavetodaysovirtualcompaniessprungupandgrewlikeweedsasinvestorsthrewmoneytheirway.SomelikeGoogleandAmazondevelopedanenduringonlinepresenceandlastingfinancialvalue.Butfartoomanyquicklylostvaluewhenitbecameapparentthattheirrapidgrowthwasn’tyieldingrevenue. SohowmuchisFacebook’snetworkofusersreallyworthThepotentialisclear—whensomanypeoplearegatheredinonevirtualplaceofferingsomuchpersonalinformationaboutthemselvestheycreateanunprecedentedplatformfortargetedadvertising.Ortheywouldiftheywereonthenetworktoshop.WheneBayandAmazonsuggestproductstotheircustomersthey’retalkingtopeoplewho’vealreadyproventhatthey’reinterestedinbuyingsimilarproducts.PeoplegoonFacebookforavarietyofreasons-tocatchupwitholdfriendssharepicturesmakenewacquaintancesandtalksometimesendlesslyaboutthemselves.Whetherthey’llappreciatehavingtheirvirtualconversationsinterruptedbyadvertisingtargetedornotremainsunclear. It’salsounclearwhetherFacebookwillactuallybeabletoshareinformationaboutitsusers’browsinghabitswithadvertisers.ComplaintsabouttheineffectivenessofFacebook’sprivacypolicieshaveariseninmultiplecountriespartofalargersocialconcernabouthowprivateinformationgetsusedonline.InDecembertheFederalTradeCommissionissuedaproposedframeworkthatamongotherthingswouldpermitFacebookuserstoblockadvertisersfromaccessinginformationabouttheironlineinterests.IfthatframeworkisimplementedandwidelyusedbyFacebooksubscribersitcouldseriouslyimpairthesite’svalueasapotentialplatformfortargetedmarketing. WhatisclearisthatGoldmanSachshasasignificantinterestinFacebook’sfinancialvalueatleastfortheshortterm.GoldmanSachs’decisiontoinvestheavilyinFacebookhashadsomeinterestingimpacts.ForonethingtheinvestmenthasallowedFacebookanopportunitytopostponeissuinganIPO.ThatmeansthatatleastforthemomentFacebookdoesn’tyethavetodiscloseitsfinancesorpubliclyaddressinvestorcomplaints. GoldmanSachs’investmentalsoputsthefirminanidealpositiontohandleFacebook’sIPOwheniteventuallyisissuedperhapssometimenextyear.ThatofcoursehasthepotentialtogeneratesubstantialrevenuesforGoldmanSachs’clients.Google’s2004IPOraisedaninitial$1.2billionforthecompany.AfterallthepropagandaFacebook’sIPOcanhardlybeexpectedtoraiseless.HoweverthereremainsasignificantquestionastowhetherFacebook’spotentialforgeneratingincomeismorevirtualthanreal.IfitturnsoutthatFacebookcan’tliveuptoitspotentialforgeneratingadvertisingrevenueventurecapitalistswhoinvestforthelongtermmaygetburned. OnedilemmafacedbysocialmedialikeFacebookisthat
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It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 10
ThesuddendramaticexplosioninvalueofonlinesocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterisreminiscentoftheriseabout15yearsagooftheonlinebusinessesthatcreatedthe"dotcombubble."TheInternetwasfarlesswidelyusedthanitistoday.StillvisionariessawthepotentialfortheInternetwehavetodaysovirtualcompaniessprungupandgrewlikeweedsasinvestorsthrewmoneytheirway.SomelikeGoogleandAmazondevelopedanenduringonlinepresenceandlastingfinancialvalue.Butfartoomanyquicklylostvaluewhenitbecameapparentthattheirrapidgrowthwasn’tyieldingrevenue. SohowmuchisFacebook’snetworkofusersreallyworthThepotentialisclear—whensomanypeoplearegatheredinonevirtualplaceofferingsomuchpersonalinformationaboutthemselvestheycreateanunprecedentedplatformfortargetedadvertising.Ortheywouldiftheywereonthenetworktoshop.WheneBayandAmazonsuggestproductstotheircustomersthey’retalkingtopeoplewho’vealreadyproventhatthey’reinterestedinbuyingsimilarproducts.PeoplegoonFacebookforavarietyofreasons-tocatchupwitholdfriendssharepicturesmakenewacquaintancesandtalksometimesendlesslyaboutthemselves.Whetherthey’llappreciatehavingtheirvirtualconversationsinterruptedbyadvertisingtargetedornotremainsunclear. It’salsounclearwhetherFacebookwillactuallybeabletoshareinformationaboutitsusers’browsinghabitswithadvertisers.ComplaintsabouttheineffectivenessofFacebook’sprivacypolicieshaveariseninmultiplecountriespartofalargersocialconcernabouthowprivateinformationgetsusedonline.InDecembertheFederalTradeCommissionissuedaproposedframeworkthatamongotherthingswouldpermitFacebookuserstoblockadvertisersfromaccessinginformationabouttheironlineinterests.IfthatframeworkisimplementedandwidelyusedbyFacebooksubscribersitcouldseriouslyimpairthesite’svalueasapotentialplatformfortargetedmarketing. WhatisclearisthatGoldmanSachshasasignificantinterestinFacebook’sfinancialvalueatleastfortheshortterm.GoldmanSachs’decisiontoinvestheavilyinFacebookhashadsomeinterestingimpacts.ForonethingtheinvestmenthasallowedFacebookanopportunitytopostponeissuinganIPO.ThatmeansthatatleastforthemomentFacebookdoesn’tyethavetodiscloseitsfinancesorpubliclyaddressinvestorcomplaints. GoldmanSachs’investmentalsoputsthefirminanidealpositiontohandleFacebook’sIPOwheniteventuallyisissuedperhapssometimenextyear.ThatofcoursehasthepotentialtogeneratesubstantialrevenuesforGoldmanSachs’clients.Google’s2004IPOraisedaninitial$1.2billionforthecompany.AfterallthepropagandaFacebook’sIPOcanhardlybeexpectedtoraiseless.HoweverthereremainsasignificantquestionastowhetherFacebook’spotentialforgeneratingincomeismorevirtualthanreal.IfitturnsoutthatFacebookcan’tliveuptoitspotentialforgeneratingadvertisingrevenueventurecapitalistswhoinvestforthelongtermmaygetburned. Thetextiswrittentoanswerthequestion
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession. Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferan"alternativeroute"toateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries. ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachers"Proudtoserveagain"foundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas. AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones."Schoolprincipalsareourbiggestfans"WendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly. Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.Thisnotionof"competitivecertification"hasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration. Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheconventionalteacher’straining
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
[A]Convenientpackaging[B]Healthandwellness[C]Skepticalcustomers[D]Enormousmarkets[E]Soaringsales[F]TrendydrinkInthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding.IthinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstodaysaysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity.Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree.41.______Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry.ThedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecadessaysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold.It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries.NoactualvarietySomepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness.Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvarietysaysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst.42.______.Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994.Perrierpopularisedbottledwaterhesays.Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable.Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap.43.______.FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers.PerrierbecameabadgesaysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation.WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters.44.______.Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit.PeopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressedsaysMr.Fishman.Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment.45.______.WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry.StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplodesaysMr.Bellas.ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks.Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies.
In2010afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisationBIOatradegroupassuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle. OnJuly29ththeywererelievedatleasttemporarily.AfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisionrulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriadacompanyinUtahsaidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike. Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicinethecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnaturesoitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcasearguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature..thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds." Despitetheappealscourt’sdecisionbigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexampleitisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt. Astheindustryadvanceshoweverothersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmoleculesImostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteractlookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacycompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor’connectingthedits’explainsHansSaueralawyerfortheBIO. TheirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissuebroughtbytheMayoClinicwhichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked. BysayingEachmeetingwaspackedLine3Para.6theauthormeansthat
存储管理方案中可采用覆盖技术
Directions: Studythefollowingchartscarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
以下存储管理方案中不采用动态重定位的是
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 16
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 20
碎片的长度
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 18
分配主存空间时根据由位示图构成的主存分配表
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession. Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferan"alternativeroute"toateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries. ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachers"Proudtoserveagain"foundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas. AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones."Schoolprincipalsareourbiggestfans"WendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly. Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.Thisnotionof"competitivecertification"hasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration. WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwhenhecallsforcompetitivecertificationLine7—8Para.5
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 12
存储管理方式提供二维地址结构
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession. Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferan"alternativeroute"toateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries. ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachers"Proudtoserveagain"foundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas. AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones."Schoolprincipalsareourbiggestfans"WendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly. Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.Thisnotionof"competitivecertification"hasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration. WhathaschangedsincetheintroductionofAC
ThesuddendramaticexplosioninvalueofonlinesocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterisreminiscentoftheriseabout15yearsagooftheonlinebusinessesthatcreatedthe"dotcombubble."TheInternetwasfarlesswidelyusedthanitistoday.StillvisionariessawthepotentialfortheInternetwehavetodaysovirtualcompaniessprungupandgrewlikeweedsasinvestorsthrewmoneytheirway.SomelikeGoogleandAmazondevelopedanenduringonlinepresenceandlastingfinancialvalue.Butfartoomanyquicklylostvaluewhenitbecameapparentthattheirrapidgrowthwasn’tyieldingrevenue. SohowmuchisFacebook’snetworkofusersreallyworthThepotentialisclear—whensomanypeoplearegatheredinonevirtualplaceofferingsomuchpersonalinformationaboutthemselvestheycreateanunprecedentedplatformfortargetedadvertising.Ortheywouldiftheywereonthenetworktoshop.WheneBayandAmazonsuggestproductstotheircustomersthey’retalkingtopeoplewho’vealreadyproventhatthey’reinterestedinbuyingsimilarproducts.PeoplegoonFacebookforavarietyofreasons-tocatchupwitholdfriendssharepicturesmakenewacquaintancesandtalksometimesendlesslyaboutthemselves.Whetherthey’llappreciatehavingtheirvirtualconversationsinterruptedbyadvertisingtargetedornotremainsunclear. It’salsounclearwhetherFacebookwillactuallybeabletoshareinformationaboutitsusers’browsinghabitswithadvertisers.ComplaintsabouttheineffectivenessofFacebook’sprivacypolicieshaveariseninmultiplecountriespartofalargersocialconcernabouthowprivateinformationgetsusedonline.InDecembertheFederalTradeCommissionissuedaproposedframeworkthatamongotherthingswouldpermitFacebookuserstoblockadvertisersfromaccessinginformationabouttheironlineinterests.IfthatframeworkisimplementedandwidelyusedbyFacebooksubscribersitcouldseriouslyimpairthesite’svalueasapotentialplatformfortargetedmarketing. WhatisclearisthatGoldmanSachshasasignificantinterestinFacebook’sfinancialvalueatleastfortheshortterm.GoldmanSachs’decisiontoinvestheavilyinFacebookhashadsomeinterestingimpacts.ForonethingtheinvestmenthasallowedFacebookanopportunitytopostponeissuinganIPO.ThatmeansthatatleastforthemomentFacebookdoesn’tyethavetodiscloseitsfinancesorpubliclyaddressinvestorcomplaints. GoldmanSachs’investmentalsoputsthefirminanidealpositiontohandleFacebook’sIPOwheniteventuallyisissuedperhapssometimenextyear.ThatofcoursehasthepotentialtogeneratesubstantialrevenuesforGoldmanSachs’clients.Google’s2004IPOraisedaninitial$1.2billionforthecompany.AfterallthepropagandaFacebook’sIPOcanhardlybeexpectedtoraiseless.HoweverthereremainsasignificantquestionastowhetherFacebook’spotentialforgeneratingincomeismorevirtualthanreal.IfitturnsoutthatFacebookcan’tliveuptoitspotentialforgeneratingadvertisingrevenueventurecapitalistswhoinvestforthelongtermmaygetburned. Thedot-combubbledemonstratesthat
如果处理器有32位地址则它的虚拟地址空间为字节
可变分区存储管理时所采用的地址转换公式为
[A]Convenientpackaging[B]Healthandwellness[C]Skepticalcustomers[D]Enormousmarkets[E]Soaringsales[F]TrendydrinkInthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding.IthinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstodaysaysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity.Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree.41.______Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry.ThedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecadessaysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold.It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries.NoactualvarietySomepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness.Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvarietysaysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst.42.______.Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994.Perrierpopularisedbottledwaterhesays.Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable.Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap.43.______.FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers.PerrierbecameabadgesaysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation.WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters.44.______.Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit.PeopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressedsaysMr.Fishman.Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment.45.______.WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry.StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplodesaysMr.Bellas.ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks.Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies.
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