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Text 2 Some people would say that the Englishman’ s home is no longer his castle; that it has b...
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Somepeoplewouldratherridebicyclesasbicycleridingha
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AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." What'sthemainreasonEinsteindeclinedthepresidencyofIsrael
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Accordingtothepassagewhenputtingpaintontheoutsideofyourhouseyoushouldbecareful
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Text3 Firecanbethoughtofasanycombustionprocessintenseenoughtoemitlight.Itmaybeaquietlyburningflameorthe:brilliantflashofanexplosion. Atypicalcombustionprocessistheburningofgasolineinanautomobileengine.Thevaporizedfuelismixedwithaircompressedintheengine’scylinderandignitedbyaspark.Asthefuelflameuptheheatproducedflowsintotheadjacentlayerofunburnedfuelandignitesit.Inthiswayazoneoffirespreadsthroughoutthefuelmixtureiscalledacombustionwave. Thespeedatwhichsuchacombustionwavetravelsthroughafuelmixtureiscalledtheburningvelocityofthemixture.Theburningvelocityofagassuchasmethanequietlyburninginairisonlyaboutonefootpersecond.BycomparisontheburningvelocityofmorereactivecombinationssuchastherocketFuelshydrogenandfluorinecanbehundredsoffeetpersecond. Ifthefuelflowsatthesamespeedasthecombustionwavetheresultisastationaryflameliketheoneinyourkitchengasburner.Inthekitchenburnerajetofgasmixedwithairflowsfromtheopeningintheheadoftheburner.Ifthevelocityofthefuelmixtureflowingfromtheopeningisgreaterthanitsburningvelocitytheflameblowsout. Injetenginesspeedingthroughtheairat500to600milesperhourtheengine’sflameissometimesblownoutbytheblastofairenteringthecombustionchamberathighspeeds.Jetpilotscallthiscondition"flameout". Combustioncansometimesoccurveryslowly.AfamiliarexampleofSlowcombustionisthedryingofordinaryoil-basedpaint.Inthischemicalreactioncalledoxidationtheoxygenintheairreactswiththedrying’oilinthepainttoprovideatoughfilm.Thelinseedoilmoleculeslinktogetherforminganinsolublecoating. HowcanthechemicalreactioninvolvedinsuchaquietprocessasthedryingofpaintalsoproducespectacularflamesandexplosionsThemaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthetemperatureatwhichtheyoccur. Atlowertemperaturesthereactionmusttakeplaceoveralongtime.Theheatwhichisslowlyproducedisdissipatedtothesurroundingsanddoesnotspeedupthereaction.Whentheheatproducedbythelow-temperaturereactionisretainedinsteadofbeingdissipatedthesystembreaksintoflame. Inaflameorexplosionthereactionsareextremelyfast.Inmanychemicalprocesseshoweversucharapidoxidationprocesswouldbeextremelydestructive. Rocketfuelsaremoreexplosivethanmethanegasbecauseof
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41____Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42____.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43______. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 41
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41____Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42____.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43______. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 43
Text3 Firecanbethoughtofasanycombustionprocessintenseenoughtoemitlight.Itmaybeaquietlyburningflameorthe:brilliantflashofanexplosion. Atypicalcombustionprocessistheburningofgasolineinanautomobileengine.Thevaporizedfuelismixedwithaircompressedintheengine’scylinderandignitedbyaspark.Asthefuelflameuptheheatproducedflowsintotheadjacentlayerofunburnedfuelandignitesit.Inthiswayazoneoffirespreadsthroughoutthefuelmixtureiscalledacombustionwave. Thespeedatwhichsuchacombustionwavetravelsthroughafuelmixtureiscalledtheburningvelocityofthemixture.Theburningvelocityofagassuchasmethanequietlyburninginairisonlyaboutonefootpersecond.BycomparisontheburningvelocityofmorereactivecombinationssuchastherocketFuelshydrogenandfluorinecanbehundredsoffeetpersecond. Ifthefuelflowsatthesamespeedasthecombustionwavetheresultisastationaryflameliketheoneinyourkitchengasburner.Inthekitchenburnerajetofgasmixedwithairflowsfromtheopeningintheheadoftheburner.Ifthevelocityofthefuelmixtureflowingfromtheopeningisgreaterthanitsburningvelocitytheflameblowsout. Injetenginesspeedingthroughtheairat500to600milesperhourtheengine’sflameissometimesblownoutbytheblastofairenteringthecombustionchamberathighspeeds.Jetpilotscallthiscondition"flameout". Combustioncansometimesoccurveryslowly.AfamiliarexampleofSlowcombustionisthedryingofordinaryoil-basedpaint.Inthischemicalreactioncalledoxidationtheoxygenintheairreactswiththedrying’oilinthepainttoprovideatoughfilm.Thelinseedoilmoleculeslinktogetherforminganinsolublecoating. HowcanthechemicalreactioninvolvedinsuchaquietprocessasthedryingofpaintalsoproducespectacularflamesandexplosionsThemaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthetemperatureatwhichtheyoccur. Atlowertemperaturesthereactionmusttakeplaceoveralongtime.Theheatwhichisslowlyproducedisdissipatedtothesurroundingsanddoesnotspeedupthereaction.Whentheheatproducedbythelow-temperaturereactionisretainedinsteadofbeingdissipatedthesystembreaksintoflame. Inaflameorexplosionthereactionsareextremelyfast.Inmanychemicalprocesseshoweversucharapidoxidationprocesswouldbeextremelydestructive. Whichofthefollowingcouldnotbedefinedascombustion
Text3 Firecanbethoughtofasanycombustionprocessintenseenoughtoemitlight.Itmaybeaquietlyburningflameorthe:brilliantflashofanexplosion. Atypicalcombustionprocessistheburningofgasolineinanautomobileengine.Thevaporizedfuelismixedwithaircompressedintheengine’scylinderandignitedbyaspark.Asthefuelflameuptheheatproducedflowsintotheadjacentlayerofunburnedfuelandignitesit.Inthiswayazoneoffirespreadsthroughoutthefuelmixtureiscalledacombustionwave. Thespeedatwhichsuchacombustionwavetravelsthroughafuelmixtureiscalledtheburningvelocityofthemixture.Theburningvelocityofagassuchasmethanequietlyburninginairisonlyaboutonefootpersecond.BycomparisontheburningvelocityofmorereactivecombinationssuchastherocketFuelshydrogenandfluorinecanbehundredsoffeetpersecond. Ifthefuelflowsatthesamespeedasthecombustionwavetheresultisastationaryflameliketheoneinyourkitchengasburner.Inthekitchenburnerajetofgasmixedwithairflowsfromtheopeningintheheadoftheburner.Ifthevelocityofthefuelmixtureflowingfromtheopeningisgreaterthanitsburningvelocitytheflameblowsout. Injetenginesspeedingthroughtheairat500to600milesperhourtheengine’sflameissometimesblownoutbytheblastofairenteringthecombustionchamberathighspeeds.Jetpilotscallthiscondition"flameout". Combustioncansometimesoccurveryslowly.AfamiliarexampleofSlowcombustionisthedryingofordinaryoil-basedpaint.Inthischemicalreactioncalledoxidationtheoxygenintheairreactswiththedrying’oilinthepainttoprovideatoughfilm.Thelinseedoilmoleculeslinktogetherforminganinsolublecoating. HowcanthechemicalreactioninvolvedinsuchaquietprocessasthedryingofpaintalsoproducespectacularflamesandexplosionsThemaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthetemperatureatwhichtheyoccur. Atlowertemperaturesthereactionmusttakeplaceoveralongtime.Theheatwhichisslowlyproducedisdissipatedtothesurroundingsanddoesnotspeedupthereaction.Whentheheatproducedbythelow-temperaturereactionisretainedinsteadofbeingdissipatedthesystembreaksintoflame. Inaflameorexplosionthereactionsareextremelyfast.Inmanychemicalprocesseshoweversucharapidoxidationprocesswouldbeextremelydestructive. Anattemptonthepartoftheauthorofthispassagetogiveamoreinformaltonetohiswritingoccursin
Text1 Youmightbeforgivenforthinkingthatsleepresearchersareadozybunch.Mostoftheotherthingspeopledoregularly--eatexcretecopulateandsoon--arebiologicallyfairlystraightforward:thereislittlemysteryabouthoworwhytheyaredone.Sleepontheotherhandwhichtakesupmoreofmostpeople’stimethanalloftheabove.andwhichattractsplentyofstudyisstillfundamentallyamystery. Theoneviewsharedbyallisthatsleepmatters.ForevidencelooknofurtherthantheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicagointhe1980s.Theykeptexperimentalratsawakearoundtheclockinanenvironmentwherecontrolratswereallowedasmuchsleepas’theywanted.Thesleep-deprivedratsalldiedwithinamonth. CarolEversonworkedwiththeChicagoteamasagraduatestudentandnowhasajobattheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesdaMaryland.WhilerepeatingtheChicagoexperimentsshewasstruckbythefactthatalthoughthesleep-deprivedratsshowednoobvioussymptomsofparticulardiseases--andnosuchsignswerepickedupinpost-mortems--theiremaciationandgenerallysorrystatewasreminiscentofthatwhichbefallsmanyterminalcancerpatientsandAIDSpatientswhoseimmunesystemshavepackedup.WhileDrEversondoesnotclaimtohavehardandfastproofthatsleepisneededforresistancetoinfectionherworkdoespointthatway--asdoestheresearchofothersaroundtheworld. Anotherapproachistolookforchemicalsthatcausesleep;fromtheseyoushouldbeabletostarttellingabiologicalstorywhichwilleventuallyrevealthefunctionofsleep.PeterShiromaniofHarvardMedicalSchoolhasfoundaproteinthatbuildsupathighlevelsinchronicallysleep-deprivedcatsbutdisappearswithinanhouriftheanimalsareallowed45minutesofrecoverysleep.ResearchersattheUniversityofVeronhavefoundsomethingsimilar.Butnoonechemicaltellsthewholestory. Sonewwaysofinducingsleepmaysoonbeavailable;anunderstandingofitspurposethoughremainselusive.Inthissleepisliketheothergreatbiologicalcommonplacethatisstillmysterious:consciousnesswhichisalsoeasilyalteredchemicallybutnottoowellunderstood.NooneknowshowConsciousnessarisesorwhatifanythingitisforthoughtherearealotoftheories.Almosttheonlythingthatcanbesaidaboutitforcertainisthatyouloseitwhenyoufallasleep.Solvingthemysteryofsleepingandwakingmightrequirenewinsightsintotheconsciousnessthatislostandregainedintheprocess.Puttingitthiswaymakestheproblemsoundrathergranderandthelackofprogresssofarlookabitlessdozy. WhydoesthewritersayYoumightbeforgivenforthinkingthat...
Text1 Youmightbeforgivenforthinkingthatsleepresearchersareadozybunch.Mostoftheotherthingspeopledoregularly--eatexcretecopulateandsoon--arebiologicallyfairlystraightforward:thereislittlemysteryabouthoworwhytheyaredone.Sleepontheotherhandwhichtakesupmoreofmostpeople’stimethanalloftheabove.andwhichattractsplentyofstudyisstillfundamentallyamystery. Theoneviewsharedbyallisthatsleepmatters.ForevidencelooknofurtherthantheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicagointhe1980s.Theykeptexperimentalratsawakearoundtheclockinanenvironmentwherecontrolratswereallowedasmuchsleepas’theywanted.Thesleep-deprivedratsalldiedwithinamonth. CarolEversonworkedwiththeChicagoteamasagraduatestudentandnowhasajobattheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesdaMaryland.WhilerepeatingtheChicagoexperimentsshewasstruckbythefactthatalthoughthesleep-deprivedratsshowednoobvioussymptomsofparticulardiseases--andnosuchsignswerepickedupinpost-mortems--theiremaciationandgenerallysorrystatewasreminiscentofthatwhichbefallsmanyterminalcancerpatientsandAIDSpatientswhoseimmunesystemshavepackedup.WhileDrEversondoesnotclaimtohavehardandfastproofthatsleepisneededforresistancetoinfectionherworkdoespointthatway--asdoestheresearchofothersaroundtheworld. Anotherapproachistolookforchemicalsthatcausesleep;fromtheseyoushouldbeabletostarttellingabiologicalstorywhichwilleventuallyrevealthefunctionofsleep.PeterShiromaniofHarvardMedicalSchoolhasfoundaproteinthatbuildsupathighlevelsinchronicallysleep-deprivedcatsbutdisappearswithinanhouriftheanimalsareallowed45minutesofrecoverysleep.ResearchersattheUniversityofVeronhavefoundsomethingsimilar.Butnoonechemicaltellsthewholestory. Sonewwaysofinducingsleepmaysoonbeavailable;anunderstandingofitspurposethoughremainselusive.Inthissleepisliketheothergreatbiologicalcommonplacethatisstillmysterious:consciousnesswhichisalsoeasilyalteredchemicallybutnottoowellunderstood.NooneknowshowConsciousnessarisesorwhatifanythingitisforthoughtherearealotoftheories.Almosttheonlythingthatcanbesaidaboutitforcertainisthatyouloseitwhenyoufallasleep.Solvingthemysteryofsleepingandwakingmightrequirenewinsightsintotheconsciousnessthatislostandregainedintheprocess.Puttingitthiswaymakestheproblemsoundrathergranderandthelackofprogresssofarlookabitlessdozy. TheproteinfoundbyPeterShiromani
Directions:Writeamemorandumtothestudentservicedepartmentandaskthemto Youdonotneedwritetheaddress.10points
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." WhatdoesthewritermeanbysayingButthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientist
Text2 Todaythestudyoflanguageinourschoolsissomewhatconfused.Itisthemosttraditionalofscholasticsubjectsbeingtaughtinatimewhenmanyofourtraditionsnolongerfitourneeds.YoutowhomthesepagesareaddressedspeakEnglishandarethereforeinaworsecasethananyotherliteratepeople. Peopleponderingtheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofconventionalisedgruntshissesandcriesandmusthavebeenaverysimpleaffairinthebeginning.Butwhenweobservethelanguagebehaviorofwhatweregardasprimitivecultureswefinditstrikinglyelaborateandcomplicated.Stefanssontheexplorersaidthat"InordertogetalongreasonablywellanEskimomusthaveatthetipofhistongueavocabularyofmorethan10000wordsmuchlargerthantheactivevocabularyofanaveragebusinessmanwhospeaksEnglish.MoreovertheseEskimowordsarefarmorehighlyinflectedthanthoseofanyofthewell-knownEuropeanlanguagesforasinglenouncanbespokenorwritteninseveralhundreddifferentformseachhavingaprecisemeaningdifferentfromthatofanyother.Theformsoftheverbsareevenmorenumerous.TheEskimolanguageisthereforeoneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearnwiththeresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.ConsequentlytherehasgrownupanintercoursebetweenEskimosandwhitesajargonsimilartothepidginEnglishusedinChinawithavocabularyoffrom300to600uninflectedwordsmostofthemderivedfromEskimobutsomederivedfromEnglishDanishSpanishHawaiianandotherlanguages.Itisthisjargonwhichisusuallyreferredtoby.Travelersas’theEskimolanguage.’"AndProfessorThalbitzerofCopenhagenwhodidtakethetroubletolearnEskimoseemstoendorsetheexplorer’sviewwhenhewrites:"Thelanguageispolysynthetic.Thegrammarisextremelyrichinflexionalformstheconjugationofacommonverbending.Forthedeclensionofanounthereare150suffixesfordualandplurallocalcasesandpossessiveflexion.’Thederivativeendingseffectiveinthevocabularyandtheconstructionofsentencesorsentence-likewordsamounttoatleast250.Notwithstandingalltheseconstructivepeculiaritiesthegrammaticalandsyntheticsystemisremarkablyconciseandinitsownwaylogical." Accordingtothepassagethelanguageofprimitivecultureswas
Text2 Todaythestudyoflanguageinourschoolsissomewhatconfused.Itisthemosttraditionalofscholasticsubjectsbeingtaughtinatimewhenmanyofourtraditionsnolongerfitourneeds.YoutowhomthesepagesareaddressedspeakEnglishandarethereforeinaworsecasethananyotherliteratepeople. Peopleponderingtheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofconventionalisedgruntshissesandcriesandmusthavebeenaverysimpleaffairinthebeginning.Butwhenweobservethelanguagebehaviorofwhatweregardasprimitivecultureswefinditstrikinglyelaborateandcomplicated.Stefanssontheexplorersaidthat"InordertogetalongreasonablywellanEskimomusthaveatthetipofhistongueavocabularyofmorethan10000wordsmuchlargerthantheactivevocabularyofanaveragebusinessmanwhospeaksEnglish.MoreovertheseEskimowordsarefarmorehighlyinflectedthanthoseofanyofthewell-knownEuropeanlanguagesforasinglenouncanbespokenorwritteninseveralhundreddifferentformseachhavingaprecisemeaningdifferentfromthatofanyother.Theformsoftheverbsareevenmorenumerous.TheEskimolanguageisthereforeoneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearnwiththeresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.ConsequentlytherehasgrownupanintercoursebetweenEskimosandwhitesajargonsimilartothepidginEnglishusedinChinawithavocabularyoffrom300to600uninflectedwordsmostofthemderivedfromEskimobutsomederivedfromEnglishDanishSpanishHawaiianandotherlanguages.Itisthisjargonwhichisusuallyreferredtoby.Travelersas’theEskimolanguage.’"AndProfessorThalbitzerofCopenhagenwhodidtakethetroubletolearnEskimoseemstoendorsetheexplorer’sviewwhenhewrites:"Thelanguageispolysynthetic.Thegrammarisextremelyrichinflexionalformstheconjugationofacommonverbending.Forthedeclensionofanounthereare150suffixesfordualandplurallocalcasesandpossessiveflexion.’Thederivativeendingseffectiveinthevocabularyandtheconstructionofsentencesorsentence-likewordsamounttoatleast250.Notwithstandingalltheseconstructivepeculiaritiesthegrammaticalandsyntheticsystemisremarkablyconciseandinitsownwaylogical." Theauthor'soverallpointisthat
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars.
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereisfrictionlesssellingforcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.
Text1 Youmightbeforgivenforthinkingthatsleepresearchersareadozybunch.Mostoftheotherthingspeopledoregularly--eatexcretecopulateandsoon--arebiologicallyfairlystraightforward:thereislittlemysteryabouthoworwhytheyaredone.Sleepontheotherhandwhichtakesupmoreofmostpeople’stimethanalloftheabove.andwhichattractsplentyofstudyisstillfundamentallyamystery. Theoneviewsharedbyallisthatsleepmatters.ForevidencelooknofurtherthantheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicagointhe1980s.Theykeptexperimentalratsawakearoundtheclockinanenvironmentwherecontrolratswereallowedasmuchsleepas’theywanted.Thesleep-deprivedratsalldiedwithinamonth. CarolEversonworkedwiththeChicagoteamasagraduatestudentandnowhasajobattheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesdaMaryland.WhilerepeatingtheChicagoexperimentsshewasstruckbythefactthatalthoughthesleep-deprivedratsshowednoobvioussymptomsofparticulardiseases--andnosuchsignswerepickedupinpost-mortems--theiremaciationandgenerallysorrystatewasreminiscentofthatwhichbefallsmanyterminalcancerpatientsandAIDSpatientswhoseimmunesystemshavepackedup.WhileDrEversondoesnotclaimtohavehardandfastproofthatsleepisneededforresistancetoinfectionherworkdoespointthatway--asdoestheresearchofothersaroundtheworld. Anotherapproachistolookforchemicalsthatcausesleep;fromtheseyoushouldbeabletostarttellingabiologicalstorywhichwilleventuallyrevealthefunctionofsleep.PeterShiromaniofHarvardMedicalSchoolhasfoundaproteinthatbuildsupathighlevelsinchronicallysleep-deprivedcatsbutdisappearswithinanhouriftheanimalsareallowed45minutesofrecoverysleep.ResearchersattheUniversityofVeronhavefoundsomethingsimilar.Butnoonechemicaltellsthewholestory. Sonewwaysofinducingsleepmaysoonbeavailable;anunderstandingofitspurposethoughremainselusive.Inthissleepisliketheothergreatbiologicalcommonplacethatisstillmysterious:consciousnesswhichisalsoeasilyalteredchemicallybutnottoowellunderstood.NooneknowshowConsciousnessarisesorwhatifanythingitisforthoughtherearealotoftheories.Almosttheonlythingthatcanbesaidaboutitforcertainisthatyouloseitwhenyoufallasleep.Solvingthemysteryofsleepingandwakingmightrequirenewinsightsintotheconsciousnessthatislostandregainedintheprocess.Puttingitthiswaymakestheproblemsoundrathergranderandthelackofprogresssofarlookabitlessdozy. TheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicago
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Text1 AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologistJohnCalhoun.Ineachexperimentanequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.AttheendoftheexperimentsCalhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongratsakindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding. Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexamplemotherssometimesabandonedtheirpupsandwithouttheirmothers’carethepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunitiesmotherratsdonot-behavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Thereforetheseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.Howeverdominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermalefemaleandimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviourshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspacetheytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding. NondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehaviorSomewithdrewcompletelyavoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactivechasingotherratsandfightingeachother. Thebehaviouroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun’sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYorkCityLondonandCairothereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruelpowerfulindividualsbothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisorders.overpopulationCalhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycasesocialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41____Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42____.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43______. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 45
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
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