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根据合同法规定，标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险责任的承担表述错误的是( )。
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根据合同法律制度的规定由于债权人的原因债务人无法向债权人交付合同标的物时可以将该标的物交给提存部门从
债权人
债务人
债权人和债务人
提存部门
根据合同法律制度的规定债务人无法向债权人交付合同标的物时可以将该标的物交给提存部门从而消灭债务在标的
债务人
债权人
提存部门
质权人和债务人
根据合同法规定标的物提存后毁损灭失的风险
由债权人承担
由债务人承担
由债权人和债务人共同承担
由提存机关承担
根据合同法下列关于买卖合同标的物风险负担的说法中错误的是
标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或当事人另有约定的除外
出卖人按照约定或者依照《合同法》的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担
因标的物质量不符合要求，致使不能实现合同目的，买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担
标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担的，买受人无权要求出卖人承担履行债务不符合约定的违约责任
下列关于标的物毁损灭失风险承担的表述中符合买卖合同法律规定的是
出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，其毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担
标的物毁损、灭失的风险，自买卖合同成立时由买受人承担
出卖人未按规定交付标的物的单证和资料的，会影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移
标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响买受人要求出卖人承担违约责任的权利
根据合同法的规定由于债权人的原因债务人无法向债权人交付合同标的物时以将该标的物交给提存部门从而消灭债
债权人
债务人
债权人和债务人
提存部门
下列关于标的物毁损灭失风险承担的表述中符合买卖合同法律规定的是
出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，其毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担
标的物毁损、灭失的风险，自买卖合同成立时由买受人承担
出卖人未按规定交付标的物单证和资料的，会影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移
标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响买受人要求出卖人承担违约责任的权利
根据合同法规定合同标的物在提存之后毁损灭失的风险由承担提存期间标的物的孳息也归其所有
债权人
债务人
提存人
提存机构
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Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Expertssuggestthatthebestwaytoavoidmemoryfailuresis
Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentences]tarebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—GtofitintoeachofthenumberedblankTherearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting.SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood."Nowondertheydidharm.42____________.43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture.Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes.DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen.Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed.Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 44
Text4CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat
Text3Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm.Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers.ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow.MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows.Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. In.thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthewordskyrocketedmostprobablymeans
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibrescancausecancer
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. Intheauthor'sopinionadivorceisnotanevilact
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Asassertedbyresearchersourinabilitytomemorizewordsornamesmainly
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentences]tarebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—GtofitintoeachofthenumberedblankTherearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting.SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood."Nowondertheydidharm.42____________.43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture.Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes.DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen.Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed.Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 42
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordlegitimatemostprobablymeans
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy. Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII.Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections".48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text3Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm.Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers.ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow.MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows.Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Bysayingthattheproblemsofmechanizingsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnaturetheauthormeans
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Evidencefromtheeconomistsandthebuildingindustriesshowsthat
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordshackledmeans
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