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美洲印第安文明为什么会被西方侵略者毁灭
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清朝初期康熙帝两次组织雅克萨之战战胜了侵入我国黑龙江流域的
英国侵略者
沙俄侵略者
法国侵略者
荷兰侵略者
陈旭麓在近代中国社会的新陈代谢中指出在资本主义的世界性扩张过程中非正义的侵略者同时又往往是历史发展过
要正确认识西方侵略动机
要理性地看待西方的侵略
要客观评价鸦片战争的影响
要辩证地分析中西方社会差距
荷兰侵略者在台湾修建的第一个侵略据点叫什么名称
胡绳在帝国主义与中国政治中对鸦片战争中清政府对待西方侵略者态度说在洋人的威胁迫在眉睫之时即逆民而顺‘
依靠人民抵抗西方侵略者
对西方侵略者和人民的态度都是反复的态度
完全屈服于西方侵略者
对西方侵略者和人民采取隔岸观火的态度
1860年10月侵略者火烧圆明园这是人类文明史上的一次浩劫侵略者是指
俄国军队
英法联军
日本军队
八国联军
清朝初期康熙帝两次组织雅克萨之战战胜了侵入我国黑龙江流域的
沙俄侵略者
荷兰侵略者
法国侵略者
英国侵略者
现在的美洲文明主要是对印第安文明的发展
下边图片像一座纪念碑记录着列强摧残中华文明的滔天罪行犯下这一罪行的是
八国联军
英法联军
英国侵略者
葡萄牙侵略者
陈旭麓在近代中国社会的新陈代谢中指出在资本主义的世界性扩张过程中非正义的侵略者同时又往往是历史发展过
要正确认识西方侵略动机
要理性地看待西方的侵略
要客观评价鸦片战争的影响
要辩证地分析中西方社会差距
公元1685年清军驱逐沙俄侵略者于雅克萨称为什么战役
下列关于古代美洲文明的说法正确的是①玛雅人的物品交换颇为发达通常用来作为交换媒介的是可可豆②现在的墨
①③⑤
②③④
①②③
①④⑤
西方侵略者在中国建立的第一个租界是在
广州
上海
南京
天津
1860年10月侵略者火烧圆明园这是人类文明史上的一次浩劫这个侵略者是指
英国
英法联军
英美联军
八国联军
航海家的探险活动导致了美洲原住民印第安人文明的毁灭
迪亚士
哥伦布
库克
麦哲伦
陈旭麓在近代中国社会的新陈代谢中指出在资本主义的世界性扩张过程中非正义的侵略者同时又往往是历史发展过
要正确认识西方侵略动机
要理性地看待西方的侵略
要客观评价鸦片战争的影响
要辩证地分析中西方社会差距
太平天国反侵略精神表现在
不承认西方列强强迫清政府签订的不平等条约
严禁鸦片
在上海等地与西方侵略者进行正面交锋
放弃“拜上帝教”这一与西方同源的zōng jiāo
材料一15世纪以来地圆学说日益流行西欧的地图绘制技术已经很先进较易操作的适于远洋航行的海船已经出现罗
摧毁美洲印第安文明的主要是西方侵略者中的
葡萄牙人
英国人
西班牙人
荷兰人
图片蕴含着丰富的历史信息留给人们无限的遐思观察下图并为它选择一个最合适的主题
近代社会性质剧变
东西方文明在碰撞中毁灭
侵略者蹂躏下的中华文明
农耕文明与工业文明的交融与碰撞
当西方被定性为侵略者和剥削者魔鬼般的西方时义和团对西方的__使中国的爱国者深感满足并被冠以赞美之词然
革命史观、全球史观
全球史观、近代化史观
革命史观、文明史观
全球史观、革命史观
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ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofilleachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 44
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus. Butbehindthispublic-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskinedworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall. Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch. ThattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly. Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin. Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofiiihealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthe"statussyndrome".Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Samepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter. Theauthorseemstobelievethatstatussyndromemaybecured
Directions: Studythefollowinggraphgivenbelowandwriteandessayofabout200words. Youressayshouldcovertheinformationofthegraphandmeetthefollowingrequirement: 1interpretthegraph; 2explainthechanges; 3yourcomments.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects--thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finally.asfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles. Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugarcaneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas. Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsInvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheIntroducedfireantpopulationIntheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetoreducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach. Whichofthefollowingisareasonwhyfireantsareconsideredpests
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AtatimewhenWallStreetfirmsarebeingpunishedformisleadinginvestorsaboutdot-comstocksduringthebubbleit’salltooeasytoconfusefinancialexcitementwithtechnologicalreality.Manypeoplearequicktodismissanytalkofan"Internetrevolution"assosuch’90schatter.47ThereisaworldofdifferencebetweencrazyevaluationsandserioustechnologybetweenInternetstocksandtheNetitself.WhileinvestorshavebeencomplainingabouttheirfatechiefexecutiveshavebeenbusyembracingtheNet.It’stimetogetoverthebubbletalkandgetrealabouttechnology’spromise. Orriskfallingbehind.Thestrongupturninprofitslastquarterduringaperiodofweakeconomicgrowthisprooftotheproductivity—enhancingpoweroftheNet.Throughboombustandrecoveryannualproductivitygrowthhaspoweredalongataround2.5%.Withoutitcompanieswouldhavebeenforcedtocutpayrollsevenfurtherduringtheworstdaysofthedecline.Withitcompaniesaregeneratinghigherprofitswithoutbiggainsinrevenues.Astheeconomypicksupsteamproductivitywilllikelyboostprofitsevenfurther. Despiteusualwisdomelectronicbusinesshasexceededeventhedreamyprojectionsof1999.Business-to-businesscommerceconductedonlinewillreach$2.6trillionin2003.Andmanysurvivingdot-comcompaniesaredoingsurprisinglywell.48Some40%ofpubliclyheldNetcompaniesincludingAmazon.comInc.wereprofitableinthefourthquarterof2002andhalfareexpectedtobeprofitablebytheendofthisyear.Truetherehasbeenviciousdisasterinthefield.Venturecapitalistspoured$100billionintomorethan6000Netstartupsoverthepastdecadeand2000disappeared.Manyideassomecrazyandsomenotfailed.ButeBayAmazon.comYahoo!GoogleExpediaandothersaremakingmoneythankstoarecoveryinonlineadvertisingandtheyarechangingthefaceofbusiness. JustastheformerIBMChiefExecutiveLouisV.GerstnerandotherspredictedmainstreamCorporateAmericaisturningouttobethechiefbeneficiaryoftheInternet.Usingitcompaniesarestreamliningproductioninventoryandsales;cuttingcosts;andtrackingtheircustomers.Itapparentlytakesfourtosixyearsafterfirstinstallingnewsystemsbeforeproductivitygainsaremaximized.49Mostcompaniesareintheirthirdorfourthyearwhichmayexplainwhyproductivitygrowthhasbeenrisingconsistentlyduringthedownturninsteadofdroppingasitusuallydoesinafall.Itmayalsomeanthatproductivityandprofitsmaybestrongerthanexpectedinthesecondhalfof2003andin2004. TheUSeconomyhashadbadluckforthreeyears.ThebubbleterrorismcorporatefraudwarandnowSARS.Yetithasweatheredthesemostlyunexpectedshocksratherwell.Smartfinancialandeconomicpolicyhashelped.50ButtherealkeyhasbeenInternettechnologywhichprovidedtheflexibilityandproductivitytoadjustquicklywithoutdrasticcuts.ThinkwhattheNetwilldofortheeconomywhenwegetbacktonormal. ButtherealkeyhasbeenInternettechnologywhichprovidedtheflexibilityandproductivitytoadjustquicklywithoutdrasticcuts.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus. Butbehindthispublic-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskinedworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall. Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch. ThattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly. Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin. Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofiiihealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthe"statussyndrome".Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Samepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter. Thewordpariahline6paragraph1isclosestinmeaningto
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofilleachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 42
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". ThestoryofApolloCreedismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus. Butbehindthispublic-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskinedworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall. Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch. ThattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly. Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin. Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofiiihealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthe"statussyndrome".Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Samepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter. Accordingtothetextwhydoesthesamedeafnessafflictthesamepeople
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AtatimewhenWallStreetfirmsarebeingpunishedformisleadinginvestorsaboutdot-comstocksduringthebubbleit’salltooeasytoconfusefinancialexcitementwithtechnologicalreality.Manypeoplearequicktodismissanytalkofan"Internetrevolution"assosuch’90schatter.47ThereisaworldofdifferencebetweencrazyevaluationsandserioustechnologybetweenInternetstocksandtheNetitself.WhileinvestorshavebeencomplainingabouttheirfatechiefexecutiveshavebeenbusyembracingtheNet.It’stimetogetoverthebubbletalkandgetrealabouttechnology’spromise. Orriskfallingbehind.Thestrongupturninprofitslastquarterduringaperiodofweakeconomicgrowthisprooftotheproductivity—enhancingpoweroftheNet.Throughboombustandrecoveryannualproductivitygrowthhaspoweredalongataround2.5%.Withoutitcompanieswouldhavebeenforcedtocutpayrollsevenfurtherduringtheworstdaysofthedecline.Withitcompaniesaregeneratinghigherprofitswithoutbiggainsinrevenues.Astheeconomypicksupsteamproductivitywilllikelyboostprofitsevenfurther. Despiteusualwisdomelectronicbusinesshasexceededeventhedreamyprojectionsof1999.Business-to-businesscommerceconductedonlinewillreach$2.6trillionin2003.Andmanysurvivingdot-comcompaniesaredoingsurprisinglywell.48Some40%ofpubliclyheldNetcompaniesincludingAmazon.comInc.wereprofitableinthefourthquarterof2002andhalfareexpectedtobeprofitablebytheendofthisyear.Truetherehasbeenviciousdisasterinthefield.Venturecapitalistspoured$100billionintomorethan6000Netstartupsoverthepastdecadeand2000disappeared.Manyideassomecrazyandsomenotfailed.ButeBayAmazon.comYahoo!GoogleExpediaandothersaremakingmoneythankstoarecoveryinonlineadvertisingandtheyarechangingthefaceofbusiness. JustastheformerIBMChiefExecutiveLouisV.GerstnerandotherspredictedmainstreamCorporateAmericaisturningouttobethechiefbeneficiaryoftheInternet.Usingitcompaniesarestreamliningproductioninventoryandsales;cuttingcosts;andtrackingtheircustomers.Itapparentlytakesfourtosixyearsafterfirstinstallingnewsystemsbeforeproductivitygainsaremaximized.49Mostcompaniesareintheirthirdorfourthyearwhichmayexplainwhyproductivitygrowthhasbeenrisingconsistentlyduringthedownturninsteadofdroppingasitusuallydoesinafall.Itmayalsomeanthatproductivityandprofitsmaybestrongerthanexpectedinthesecondhalfof2003andin2004. TheUSeconomyhashadbadluckforthreeyears.ThebubbleterrorismcorporatefraudwarandnowSARS.Yetithasweatheredthesemostlyunexpectedshocksratherwell.Smartfinancialandeconomicpolicyhashelped.50ButtherealkeyhasbeenInternettechnologywhichprovidedtheflexibilityandproductivitytoadjustquicklywithoutdrasticcuts.ThinkwhattheNetwilldofortheeconomywhenwegetbacktonormal. Some40%ofpubliclyheldNetcompaniesincludingAmazon.comInc.wereprofitableinthefourthquarterof2002andhalfareexpectedtobeprofitablebytheendofthisyear
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeIncreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.HoweverthisSuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowupto.owncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind—notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Thewriter’smainpurposeinparagraph6istoarguethat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects--thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finally.asfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles. Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugarcaneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas. Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsInvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheIntroducedfireantpopulationIntheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetoreducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach. Whetherfireantsarepestsornotlargelydependsontheir
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AtatimewhenWallStreetfirmsarebeingpunishedformisleadinginvestorsaboutdot-comstocksduringthebubbleit’salltooeasytoconfusefinancialexcitementwithtechnologicalreality.Manypeoplearequicktodismissanytalkofan"Internetrevolution"assosuch’90schatter.47ThereisaworldofdifferencebetweencrazyevaluationsandserioustechnologybetweenInternetstocksandtheNetitself.WhileinvestorshavebeencomplainingabouttheirfatechiefexecutiveshavebeenbusyembracingtheNet.It’stimetogetoverthebubbletalkandgetrealabouttechnology’spromise. Orriskfallingbehind.Thestrongupturninprofitslastquarterduringaperiodofweakeconomicgrowthisprooftotheproductivity—enhancingpoweroftheNet.Throughboombustandrecoveryannualproductivitygrowthhaspoweredalongataround2.5%.Withoutitcompanieswouldhavebeenforcedtocutpayrollsevenfurtherduringtheworstdaysofthedecline.Withitcompaniesaregeneratinghigherprofitswithoutbiggainsinrevenues.Astheeconomypicksupsteamproductivitywilllikelyboostprofitsevenfurther. Despiteusualwisdomelectronicbusinesshasexceededeventhedreamyprojectionsof1999.Business-to-businesscommerceconductedonlinewillreach$2.6trillionin2003.Andmanysurvivingdot-comcompaniesaredoingsurprisinglywell.48Some40%ofpubliclyheldNetcompaniesincludingAmazon.comInc.wereprofitableinthefourthquarterof2002andhalfareexpectedtobeprofitablebytheendofthisyear.Truetherehasbeenviciousdisasterinthefield.Venturecapitalistspoured$100billionintomorethan6000Netstartupsoverthepastdecadeand2000disappeared.Manyideassomecrazyandsomenotfailed.ButeBayAmazon.comYahoo!GoogleExpediaandothersaremakingmoneythankstoarecoveryinonlineadvertisingandtheyarechangingthefaceofbusiness. JustastheformerIBMChiefExecutiveLouisV.GerstnerandotherspredictedmainstreamCorporateAmericaisturningouttobethechiefbeneficiaryoftheInternet.Usingitcompaniesarestreamliningproductioninventoryandsales;cuttingcosts;andtrackingtheircustomers.Itapparentlytakesfourtosixyearsafterfirstinstallingnewsystemsbeforeproductivitygainsaremaximized.49Mostcompaniesareintheirthirdorfourthyearwhichmayexplainwhyproductivitygrowthhasbeenrisingconsistentlyduringthedownturninsteadofdroppingasitusuallydoesinafall.Itmayalsomeanthatproductivityandprofitsmaybestrongerthanexpectedinthesecondhalfof2003andin2004. TheUSeconomyhashadbadluckforthreeyears.ThebubbleterrorismcorporatefraudwarandnowSARS.Yetithasweatheredthesemostlyunexpectedshocksratherwell.Smartfinancialandeconomicpolicyhashelped.50ButtherealkeyhasbeenInternettechnologywhichprovidedtheflexibilityandproductivitytoadjustquicklywithoutdrasticcuts.ThinkwhattheNetwilldofortheeconomywhenwegetbacktonormal. AtatimewhenWallStreetfirmsarebeingpunishedformisleadinginvestorsaboutdot-comstocksduringthebubbleit’salltooeasytoconfusefinancialexcitementwithtechnologicalreality.
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras--they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9--andinmanywaysmore10--thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeIncreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.HoweverthisSuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowupto.owncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind—notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Buteightyorevenninety...normallife-spanforhumanslines9-10paragraph3isclosetinmeaningto
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Theresearcherschoosetocarryouttheirstudyintraditionalsocietiesbecause
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