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Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied...
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41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 43
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 41
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions:YouaretoinformMrs.Bentonthatyouwillhavetobreakthedinnerengagement.Writeanoteto1makeanapology2stateyourreasonsand3hopetomeetinthenearfuture.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Thetextmentionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatself-employedwomenmayencounterEXCEPT
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1016and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoWeredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx流入涌入Thematerialinthetextwouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatAmericanhistorytextbooksusedtoassertthat
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning--publicorprivate--commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduceproductiveascomparedtoeducatedgraduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorativejuniorcollegelabelandisgenerallycalledacommunitycollegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognizedasarequiredunioncardintheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsocietyhasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathaveaserviceorvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodoOneoftherecentimportantchangesinhighereducationrelatesto
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingconclusions
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1016and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoWeredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx流入涌入Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1016and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoWeredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx流入涌入Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheeasyconclusionmentionedinthelastsentenceisbasedontheassumptionthat
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’sevaluationofBailyn’sfourthproposition
InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning--publicorprivate--commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduceproductiveascomparedtoeducatedgraduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorativejuniorcollegelabelandisgenerallycalledacommunitycollegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognizedasarequiredunioncardintheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsocietyhasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathaveaserviceorvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodoItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthereexistsatendencyto
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 45
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Thebesttitlewhichdescribesthecontentofthetextasawholewouldbe
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywere.vocallyaboutequally8ofboth.butthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentfortestingtotheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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