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单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 Accordingtothetextanimalwelfaregroupshavesucceededin
单项选择 Text3AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry'sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan'seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry'suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
Whatistheauthor'sopiniononthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitals
单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheteachersbanharmfulexperimentstoanimalsinorderto
Youslipthekeyintotheignitionandcranktheenginetolife.Butbeforeyouputthecarintogearyoutapakeyonthekeyboardmountedbythesteeringwheelandyourneweste-mailflashesuponthewindscreen. Thisseductivesatyriswhatyougetwhenyoucrossacarandacomputer.Dubbedthe"networkvehicle"ornet-mobileitmaysooncometoadrivewaynearyouprobablytheonebelongingtoyourrichneighbor.Inanet-mobileamotoristcouldtapintoaregionalroadsystembutalsotomapoutaroutearoundrush-hourtrafficsnags.Driversandpassengerswillbeabletosendandreceivee-mailtrackthelatestsportsscoresorstockquotessurftheWebandevenplayvideogames.Orsoatleastsayanumberofcomputer-industryfirmssuchasMicrosoftSunIBMandNetscape. Themoderncarisalreadyanelectronicshowcaseonwheels.On-boardmicrocomputersimprovefueleconomyandreduceemissions.Theyoperateanti-lockbrakesystemsandonsomecarsevenregulatethefirmnessoftheshockabsorbers.Butmuchofthetechnologyneededtoaddextraisavailablenow.AprototypenetworkvehicleproducedbyaconsortiumofNetscapeSunIBMandDelcoanautomotive-electronicsfirmbasedinMichiganwasintroducedattherecentannualcomputer-industryshowinLasVegas. Itnotonlyofferedsuchdesktop-computer-likeservicesase-mailbutallowedadrivertousethemwithoutlookingawayfromtheroad.Itwasoperatedbyvoicecommandsandprojecteditsdataontothewindscreenusingthesamesortofhead-updisplaysystemfoundinmodernfighterjets.Membersoftheconsortiumthinkareal-worldnetworkvehiclecouldbeinproductioninaslittleasfouryears. Carmakershavealreadybegunrollingoutsomeofthefeaturesfoundontheseprototypenet-mobiles.IfthedriverofaGeneralMotorscarequippedwithitsOn-Starsystemlockshiskeyinthecarforexampleanemergencycentrecantransmitadigitalsignaltounlockthedoors.On-Staralsocallsautomaticallyforhelpifanaccidenttriggerstheairbags.ToyotaandGeneralMotorsareamongagrowinglistoffirmsofferingin-carnavigationsystems.AndinEuropeBMWandMercedes-Benzrecentlyintroducednavigationhardwarethatcannotonlyplotoutaroutebutalertadrivertotrafficjams. "Anelectronicshowcaseonwheels"probablymeans
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. JohnSwaddle’sexperimentsuggeststhat
单项选择 SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960'stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy".ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-bystepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger'sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger'scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger—andmanypresidents—oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Theauthor'stoneinthetextmaybestbesummarizedasthatof
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
InAmericahowmanypeoplearehomelessparents
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. Mostpeopleoftenpresumethatinmateselectionscreaturesappealto
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. ThevisibilityofanasymmetryasMichaelButtthinksdependson
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
单项选择 SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960'stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy".ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-bystepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger'sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger'scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger—andmanypresidents—oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Themainideaofthetextisthat
Accordingtothepassagetheauthorwantstotellusabout______.
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofgoodlucks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobe1thantheirplain-Janecolleaguesbecausepeopletendtoproject2traits3themsuchasasensitiveheartandacoolheadtheymayalsobeatan4injobinterviews.Butresearchsuggestsotherwise. BradHanksatGeorgiaStateUniversitylookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeirresumeasisthe5inmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentmade-upapplicationstoover2500real-life6.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarresumeonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness. Formentheresultswere7expected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswas8.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaverage9gettinganinterview;an10qualifiedplainonejustseven. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 ThurmanGraftonsuggeststhat
单项选择 Text3AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry'sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan'seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry'suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
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