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Back in 1979, a fat, unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wife, ...
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在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
Underabigtree_______halfasleep.
did sit a fat man
a fat man sat
did a fat man sit
sat a fat man
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadultpopulationhasa
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadultpopulationhasa
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadult成年人populationh
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
Windows98支持的FAT文件系统有FAT12FAT16和FAT32其中FAT12和FAT16的
1024
512
256
224
Somepeoplewouldhaveyoubelievethatbeingfatisthewors
分区采用32位的文件分配表
FAT
FAT32
FAT64
NTFS
在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
命令Convert的目的是
将FAT转换为FAT32
将FAT32转换为NTFS
将NTFS转换为FAT32
将FAT32转换为FAT
Windows98支持的FAT文件系统有FAT12FAT16和FAT32其中FAT12和FAT16的
1024
512
256
224
FAT文件系统包括FAT8FAT12FAT16和FAT32四种
在windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
IntheUnitedStates30%ofthegrown-uppopulationhasawei
Underabigtree________halfasleep.
did sat a fat man
a fat man sat
did a fat man sat
sat a fat man
在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
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Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. TheimplementationofroadpricinginLondonisprimarilyintendedto
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheconstructionofskyscrapersseemstobethatof
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
Directions:Youfelliiiandneededanoperation.ThedoctorsofTallOaksHospitalcarriedoutanoperationonyou.Writeraletterofthanksincludingthefollowingdetails:1Describingthemoodbeforeoperation;2AcknowledgingthestuffoftheTallOaksHospital;Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 44
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. AccordingtothetextthemayorofLondonKenLivingstoneseemstobeverysupportiveofthecongestionchargingschemebecauseof
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 42
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Asusedinthetexthybridnetworksarebestrelatedto
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. AfterSeptember11thlongdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseof
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheproposedalternativefundingmodelsParagraph2mightbemoreclearlybasedon
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Concerninghealth-caresystemsinBritaintheauthorislikelytoagreetothestatementthat
[A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.AndnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchBetterthanmanyoftheirfriendsWhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagementisnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewearjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesaearisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbemusetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthigh-valuepathBesidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob. Order: 45
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Intheauthor'sopinionvisualandspatialabilitiesaregoodfor
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. InthewakeofSeptember11ththeconstructiontechniquesofskyscrapersareinnovatedsoastomakethem
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. TheimplementationofroadpricinginLondonisprimarilyintendedto
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Whydowomenseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.1
Thesimpleperceptionofnaturalformsisadelight.46Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.Tothebodyandmindwhichhavebeencrampedbynoxiousworkorcompanynatureismedicinalandrestorestheirtone.Thetradesmantheattorneycomesoutofthedinandcraftofthestreetandseestheskyandthewoodsandisamanagain.Intheireternalcalmhefindshimself.Thehealthoftheeyeseemstodemandahorizon.Wearenevertiredsolongaswecanseefarenough. 47ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare.Thelongslenderbarsofcloudfloatlikefishesintheseaofcrimsonlight.48FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind.HowdoesNaturedeifyuswithafewandcheapelements!GivemehealthandadayandIwillmakethepompofemperorsridiculous.ThedawnismyAssyria;thesunsetandmoonrisemyPaphosandunimaginablerealmoffaerie;broadnoonshallbemyEnglandofthesensesandtheunderstanding;thenightshallbemyGermanyofmysticphilosophyaddreams. NotlessexcellentexceptforourlesssusceptibilityintheafternoonwasthecharmlasteveningofaJanuarysunset.49Thewesterncloudsdividedandsubdividedthemselvesintopinkflakesmodulatedwithtintsofunspeakablesoftnessandtheairhassomuchlifeandsweetnessthatitwasapaintocomewithindoors.WhatwasitthatnaturewouldsayWastherenomeaninginthelivereposeofthevalleybehindthemillandwhichHomerorShakespearecouldnotreformformeinwords50Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic. Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
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