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Text 3 It is because of his plays that Shakespeare is now considered the greatest English write...
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2013年3月由于H7N9禽流感白水鸭在南京不再受欢迎. Whiteducksarelovely
Idon'twanttoeaticecreambecauseIdon'twanttobetooh.
Markwasveryhappybecausehisbossspokeh高度地ofhisjob.
Helikesallkindsofjokesbecausehehasagreatsenseofh.
Hebecomesveryfatnowbecauseheheverexercises.
Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainbecauseitwasraining
IamunhealthybecauseIhexercise.
Helenoftengetsgoodgradesbecausesheisalwaysh.
Shewasveryhappybecausesheenjoyedhattheparty.
Therunnersareverystrong.Becausetheyeatalotofhfood.
Idon'tknowhimmuchbecauseIhseehimnow.
It'sveryhforhimtocommunicatewithforeignersbecause
Ireallyhtodothechoresbecauseit’stooboringanddirty.
Hisgrandfatherisstayinginahthesedaysbecauseofbadi
1分Cathyishbecauseshenevertellslies谎言orcheatsother
Markwasveryhappybecausehisbossspokeh高度地ofhisjob.
Mykeywaslostbecausetherewasahinmybag.
Therunnersareverystrong.Becausetheyeatalotofhfood
Lindaneverlistenstomusicbecauseshehit.
Hehtoeatbreakfasteverydaybecausehewaslate.
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Prolongedandexcessiveuseofalcoholcanseriouslyundermineanindividual’shealth.Physicaldeteriorationoccurs.Largequantitiesofalcoholcandirectlydamagebodytissueandindirectlycausemalnutrition.Nutritionaldeficienciescanresultforseveralreasons.Alcoholcontainsemptycalorieswhichhavenosignificantnutritivevalue.Whenconsumedinsubstantialamountsalcoholcurbsone’sappetiteformorewholesomefoods.Excessivealcoholintakecaninterferewiththeproperdigestionandabsorptionoffood.Thereforeeventheheavydrinkerwhodoeseatawell-balanceddietisdeprivedofmeessentialnutrients.Maintenanceofadrinkinghabitcandepleteeconomicresourcesotherwiseavailableforbuyinggoodwholesomefood.Malnutritionitselffurtherreducesthebody’sabilitytoutilizethenutrientsconsumed.Theresultofdamagedtissueandmalnutritioncanbebraininjuryheartdiseasediabetesorcanceroftheliverandweakenedmuscletissue.Untreatedalcoholismcanreduceone’slifespanbytentotwelveyears.Heavyalcoholconsumptionalsoaffectsthebody’susageofotherdrugsandmedications.Thedosagesrequiredbyexcessivedrinkersmaydifferfromthoserequiredbynormalornon-drinkers.Seriousconsequencescanbeincurredunlesstheprescribingphysicianisawareofthepatient’sdrinkinghabits.Suddendeathmayresultfromexcessivedrinking.Itmightoccurwhentheindividualhasingestedsuchalargeamountofalcoholthatthebraincentercontrollingbreathingandheartactionisadverselyaffectedorwhentakingsomeotherdrugsparticularlysleeppreparationsalongwithalcohol.Deathasaresultofexcessivedrinkingcancomeduringanautomobileaccidentsincehalfofallfataltrafficaccidentsinvolvetheuseofalcohol.Manyself-inflicteddeathsaswellashomicidesinvolvetheuseofalcohol.Itisimportanttorememberthatalcoholisadrugthatispotentiallyaddictive.Oncetheuserishookedonalcoholwithdrawalsymptomsoccurwhenitisnotsufficientlyavailabletobodycells.Attheonsetofdevelopingalcoholaddictionthesesymptomsmayberelativelymildandincludehandtremorsanxietynauseaandsweating.Asdependencyincreasessodoestheseverityofthewithdrawalsyndromeandtheneedformedicalassistancetocopewithit.In1956theAmericanMedicalAssociationsupportedthegrowingacceptanceofalcoholismasanillnessfallingunderthetreatmentjurisdictionofthemedicalprofession.Sincethenthemedicalresourcesforproblemsofacuteandchronicintoxicationhaveincreasedandimproved.Heavyalcoholconsumptionleadsto______.
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Thecontentofthisselectioncanbestbedescribedas______.
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs.WorkwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschoolpredictsCanadianeconomistCalvert.Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots.Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages.Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.AroundtheworldthelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplannersnotesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest.ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculablehecomments.BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatpeoplemusthaveabroadeducationandtechnologytraininginorderto______.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 4
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs.WorkwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschoolpredictsCanadianeconomistCalvert.Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots.Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages.Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.AroundtheworldthelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplannersnotesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest.ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculablehecomments.BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./Accordingtothepassagejobsontheproductionslineareusually______.
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent.WeasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetimeinsistsRiley.Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology.Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion.StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide.Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAgehenoted.Thechoicehesaidissimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall./Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
MachinesandforeigncompetitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulforpeopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesasrapidlyasfactoryjobs.WorkwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyoftheproductionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservicecenterthedesignstudiotheresearchlaboratorytheeducationinstituteandthetrainingschoolpredictsCanadianeconomistCalvert.Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastestbutfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbersmoremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodianscashierssecretarieswaitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots.Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3000in1981to40000in1990saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandriaVa.Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzonesinspace-evenintheofficeperhapsmakingcoffeeopeningmailanddeliveringmessages.Oneunsolvedproblemwhattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyandforeigncompetition.AroundtheworldthelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmoreacceptedasarealityamongsocialplannersnotesDavidMacarovassociateprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobislikelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobaldauthorofAvoidingin1984fearsthatjoblessnesswillleadtoincreasingdepressionbitternessandunrest.ThedramaticconsequencesofsuchashiftontheWesternpsychewhichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeingsarealmostincalculablehecomments.BecauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskillsRonKutschnerassociatecommissioneroftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoffersthisadvicefortoday’shighschoolstudents:Bepreparedwithabroadeducationlikethekindpre-collegestudentsget--basicmath.scienceandEnglish.Prepareyourselftohandleeachnewtechnologyasitcomesdowntheroad.Thengettechnologytrainingforyourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs./Whatwillhappenwhenmoreandmoreworkersarereplacedbymachinesandforeigncompetition
Technologistsaren’tusuallyknownfortheirsenseofhumorbutlastweekScottMcNealychiefexecutiveofSunMicrosystemswasworkinghardtocomeupwiththeQuipoftheDay.ForfourcontentioushoursheandanothercasualtyofthesoftwarewarsNetscape’sJimBarksdaletookturnsbeforetheSenateJudiciarycommitteeslammingtheirnemesisBillGates.Theycalledhimapredatoramonopolistthemostdangerousandpowerfulindustrialistofourage!.Microsoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemsdriving90percentofthecomputersacrossthelandaretherailroadsofourdawningInformationAge.Noonepersonshouldbeallowedtocontrolthemtheyargued.CyberspaceshouldbeopentoallGatesinsisteditstillwas.He’snomonopolisthetoldthesenators.Windowsisvulnerable.Soishiscompany.Technologyisever-changingGatesretorted.WhoknowswhatnewwavewillcomealongandsweepevenmightyMicrosoftintothedustbinofhistoryTomanythatsoundedabitdisingenuousgivenMicrosoft’sdominanceandthelawmakerswereskepticaltosaytheleast.ButmightGatesberightLastweek’sotherbigtechnewsgavejustsuchahint.FirstIntelannouncedasurprisedropinfirst-quarterearnings.ThatwasfollowedlateFridaybyreportthatCompaq’sfinancialswouldalsobedisappointing.Demandforcomputersseemstobeslowinganalystsuggested--atrenddueinparttoarangeofshort-termfactorsincludingAsia’seconomiccrisis.Idon’tthinkwehavecleardateeitherasacompanyoranindustryastowhatthesenumbersmeansaysIntelspokesmanHowardHighTrueenough.ButtheslowdownisasharpreminderthatconsumerdemandforcomputershasfallenshortofthehypesurroundingtheInfoRevolution.Threeyearsago31percentofU.S.householdsownedacomputer.Today40percentdo.Weshouldbeat60to65percentsaysNickDonatiellopresidentofOdysseyCommunicationsaSanFranciscomarket-researchfirm.FormostAmericanshesuggeststhepersonalcomputerisnotyettheindispensabletoolthatdigitalenthusiaststhinkitis.Todaynewproductsarecomingoutthatresemblecomputersbutaren’tandtheymayeventuallyappealtofrustratedconsumersmorethanhard-to-usePCs.Thecomputerisatechnology-drivendevicemadebytechnologistsfortechnologistswhodon’tknowanybettersaysDonaldNormanseniortechnicaladvisertoHewlettPackard.AtthesametimenewalliancesbetweencompaniesandindustriesareaimingtodashinontheInternetoftomorrow--withoutpartneringwiththetitansoftoday.IfallthisposesachallengeforIntelitportendsevengreaterdifficultiesforMicrosoft.Allthechallengesandthreatsposeacompellingquestion:ifMicrosoftenjoysthemonopolycriticssayithashowlongwillitlastWhat’simpliedinthesentenceThecomputerisatechnology-drivendevicemadebytechnologistsfortechnologistswhodon’tknowanybetter
Thejobofraisingchildrenisatoughone.Childrendon’tcomewithaninstructionmanual.Andeachchildisdifferent.41__________. ToAmericansthegoalofparentsistohelpchildrenstandontheirowntwofeet.Frominfancyeachchildmaygethisorherownroom.Aschildrengrowtheygainmorefreedomtomaketheirownchoices.Teenagerschoosetheirownformsofentertainmentaswellasthefriendstosharethemwith.42__________.Butoncethey"leavethenest"ataround18to21yearsoldtheywanttobeontheirownnot"tiedtotheirmother’sapronstrings." 43__________.Whenchildrenbecomeadultstheirrelationshipwiththeirparentsbecomesmorelikeafriendshipamongequals.ButcontrarytopopularbeliefmostadultAmericansdon’tmaketheirparentspayforroomandboardwhentheycometovisit.Evenasadultstheyrespectandhonortheirparents. 44__________.ManyAmericanshavestrongfeelingsaboutwhichtypeofarrangementisbest.Somearguethatattendingadaycarecentercanbeapositiveexperienceforchildren.Othersinsistthatmothersarethebestcaregiversforchildren.Anumberofwomenarenowleavingtheworkforcetobecomefull-timehomemakers. 45__________.Manyparentsfeelthatanold-fashionedspankinghelpsyoungsterslearnwhat"No!"means.Otherspreferalternateformsofdiscipline.Forexample"timeouts"havebecomepopularinrecentyears.Childrenin"timeout’havetositinacornerorbyawall.Theycangetuponlywhentheyarereadytoactnicely.Olderchildrenandteenagerswhobreaktherulesmaybegroundedornotallowedtogooutwithfriends.Someoftheirprivilegesathome--likeTVortelephoneuse—mayalsobetakenawayforawhile.Althoughdisciplinecan’tfunforparentsorchildrenit’sanecessarypartoftraining. Beingaparentisatallorder.Ittakespatiencelovewisdomcourageandagoodsenseofhumortoraisechildrenandnotloseyoursanity.Somepeoplearejustdecidingnottohavechildrenatallsincethey’renotsureit’sworthitButraisingchildrenmeanstrainingthenextgenerationandpreservingourculture.Whatcouldbeworthmorethanthat A.TherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildreninAmericaisveryinformal.Americanparentstrytotreattheirchildrenasindividuals--notasextensionsofthem-selves.Theyallowthemtofulfilltheirowndreams.Americanspraiseandencouragetheirchildrentogivethemtheconfidencetosucceed. B.Soparentssometimespulltheirhairoutinfrustrationnotknowingwhattodo.Butinraisingchildren—asinalloflife—whatwedoisinfluencedbyourculture.NaturallythenAmericanparentsteachtheirchildrenbasicAmericanvalues. C.DiscipliningchildrenisanotherareathatAmericanparentshavedifferingopinionsabout. D.Naturallyeveryparentwantstheirchildtobesafewhetherthechildisonlineorontheschoolbus.Andcertainlyifyoususpectyourchildisinvolvedindrugsinappropriaterelationshipsorotherdangeroussituationsit’syourresponsibilitytostepinandinterveneusingwhatevertoolsarenecessary. E.Whentheyreachyoungadulthoodtheychoosetheirowncareersandmarriagepartners.Ofcoursemanyyoungadultsstillseektheirparents’adviceandapprovalforthechoicestheymake. F.Mostyoungcoupleswithchildrenstrugglewiththeissueofchildcare.MothershavetraditionallystayedhomewiththeirchildrenInrecentyearsthoughagrowingtrendistoputpreschoolersinadaycarecentersoMomcanwork. G.KeepthefamilyPCinanaccessiblepartofthehousewhereyoucaneasilykeepaneyeonyourchildren’sactivityandlimittheamountoftimeyourkidsspendonline.DiscusssomeofthedangersoftheInternetwitholderchildrenandmakesuretheyunderstandthattheyshouldnotprovidepersonalinformationsuchastheirnameaddressorschooltopeopletheymeetonlineandtheyshouldneveragreetomeetanonlineacquaintancefacetofacewithoutyourpermission. 44
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 2
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 20
Dr.NormanRosenthalapsychiatristintheWashingtonareaandanexpertondepressionandangerwhenreviewingthedriverwhokeptthreateningmesaysdriverswhorepeatedlytailgate紧跟着某车驾驶tryingtopressurethecarsinfronttomovefasterorgetoutoftheway"arealwayssittingontheirarteries"whichconstrictsinresponsetostresshormonesthatspewforthfromtheiradrenal 46Itishardtosaywhetherrageisnowmorecommonthanitusedtobeorwearesimplynowmoreawareofit.givenhigh-profilecaseslikemassshootingsbychildrenandevidencethatchronicallyangrypeopleendangertheirhealththeirlobsandtheirpersonalrelationships. Forexampleina25-yearfollow-upstudyofUniversityofNorthCarolinamedicalstudentsDr.JohnBarefootnowatDukefoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestinhostilityonastandardpersonalityrestwerenearlyfiverimesaslikelytodieofheartdiseaseastheirlesshostileclassmates. 47Certainlypressuresbuiltintomanymodernlives—urbansuburbanandrural—givemanyopportunitiesforlatentangertoerupt.Butthatdoesnotmeanfrequenthostileoutburstsareeitherinevitableorproductive.AsDr.Rosenthalwrote"Inmosteverydaysituationswearemorelikelytopayagreaterpriceforlosingourtemperthanfornotgettingourlicksinquicklyenough."Theadvicetocountto10andifyou’restillangrycountto100beforeyoutakeanyactionisfarfromanoldwife’stale. Dr.Rosenthalsaidthedriverthreateningmeappearedtoattributehostilemotivestootherpeople.InhismindIdeliberatelymadehislifedifficultandhewasdeterminedtoteachmealesson. Furthermorehesaidcommonmisperceptionsoftenfuelanger.Somepeopleespeciallythosewhoaredepressedseehostilitywhereitdoesnotexist.48Theybelieve—Incorrectly—thatothersfeelhostileorcriticaltowardthemandtendtodefendthemselvesintheprocessactuallyprovokinghostilityandaviciouscycleofanger 49Othersoperatefromamisperceptionthattheworldshouldbeotherthanitisandbecomeenragedwhendisturbedbytheordinaryhasslesandinconveniencesofeverydaylife—anairportdelayatrafficjamapersonwhobreaksintoaline. Dr.Rosenthaltoldofafriendwhowasoftenangeredbylongredlightsandwhosewife"mindshimgentlythattheredlightdoesn"tcaresohemightaswellsavehisfury."50Thepsychiatristnotedthat"itiseasiertochangeyourexpectationsandrecognizethatlifeisoftenneitherfairnoreasythanitistochangetheworld." Sometimeschemicalinfluences-’-likeexcessivecaffeinesteroidsdietdrugsandantidepressants--fosterirritability.Ifmedicationsmaybecontributingtoyourangerdiscussthispossibilitywithyourphysician. Itishardtosaywhetherrageisnowmorecommonthanitusedtobeorwearesimplynowmoreawareofit.givenhigh-profilecaseslikemassshootingsbychildrenandevidencethatchronicallyangrypeopleendangertheirhealththeirlobsandtheirpersonalrelationships.
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageeonveyed;2giveyourcomment.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 6
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb.Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty.Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren.Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld.AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince.Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently.HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions.Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove.Accordingtotheauthor______wasemphasizedinhighschool.
Prolongedandexcessiveuseofalcoholcanseriouslyundermineanindividual’shealth.Physicaldeteriorationoccurs.Largequantitiesofalcoholcandirectlydamagebodytissueandindirectlycausemalnutrition.Nutritionaldeficienciescanresultforseveralreasons.Alcoholcontainsemptycalorieswhichhavenosignificantnutritivevalue.Whenconsumedinsubstantialamountsalcoholcurbsone’sappetiteformorewholesomefoods.Excessivealcoholintakecaninterferewiththeproperdigestionandabsorptionoffood.Thereforeeventheheavydrinkerwhodoeseatawell-balanceddietisdeprivedofmeessentialnutrients.Maintenanceofadrinkinghabitcandepleteeconomicresourcesotherwiseavailableforbuyinggoodwholesomefood.Malnutritionitselffurtherreducesthebody’sabilitytoutilizethenutrientsconsumed.Theresultofdamagedtissueandmalnutritioncanbebraininjuryheartdiseasediabetesorcanceroftheliverandweakenedmuscletissue.Untreatedalcoholismcanreduceone’slifespanbytentotwelveyears.Heavyalcoholconsumptionalsoaffectsthebody’susageofotherdrugsandmedications.Thedosagesrequiredbyexcessivedrinkersmaydifferfromthoserequiredbynormalornon-drinkers.Seriousconsequencescanbeincurredunlesstheprescribingphysicianisawareofthepatient’sdrinkinghabits.Suddendeathmayresultfromexcessivedrinking.Itmightoccurwhentheindividualhasingestedsuchalargeamountofalcoholthatthebraincentercontrollingbreathingandheartactionisadverselyaffectedorwhentakingsomeotherdrugsparticularlysleeppreparationsalongwithalcohol.Deathasaresultofexcessivedrinkingcancomeduringanautomobileaccidentsincehalfofallfataltrafficaccidentsinvolvetheuseofalcohol.Manyself-inflicteddeathsaswellashomicidesinvolvetheuseofalcohol.Itisimportanttorememberthatalcoholisadrugthatispotentiallyaddictive.Oncetheuserishookedonalcoholwithdrawalsymptomsoccurwhenitisnotsufficientlyavailabletobodycells.Attheonsetofdevelopingalcoholaddictionthesesymptomsmayberelativelymildandincludehandtremorsanxietynauseaandsweating.Asdependencyincreasessodoestheseverityofthewithdrawalsyndromeandtheneedformedicalassistancetocopewithit.In1956theAmericanMedicalAssociationsupportedthegrowingacceptanceofalcoholismasanillnessfallingunderthetreatmentjurisdictionofthemedicalprofession.Sincethenthemedicalresourcesforproblemsofacuteandchronicintoxicationhaveincreasedandimproved.Physicaldependenceonalcoholresultsfrom______.
Technologistsaren’tusuallyknownfortheirsenseofhumorbutlastweekScottMcNealychiefexecutiveofSunMicrosystemswasworkinghardtocomeupwiththeQuipoftheDay.ForfourcontentioushoursheandanothercasualtyofthesoftwarewarsNetscape’sJimBarksdaletookturnsbeforetheSenateJudiciarycommitteeslammingtheirnemesisBillGates.Theycalledhimapredatoramonopolistthemostdangerousandpowerfulindustrialistofourage!.Microsoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemsdriving90percentofthecomputersacrossthelandaretherailroadsofourdawningInformationAge.Noonepersonshouldbeallowedtocontrolthemtheyargued.CyberspaceshouldbeopentoallGatesinsisteditstillwas.He’snomonopolisthetoldthesenators.Windowsisvulnerable.Soishiscompany.Technologyisever-changingGatesretorted.WhoknowswhatnewwavewillcomealongandsweepevenmightyMicrosoftintothedustbinofhistoryTomanythatsoundedabitdisingenuousgivenMicrosoft’sdominanceandthelawmakerswereskepticaltosaytheleast.ButmightGatesberightLastweek’sotherbigtechnewsgavejustsuchahint.FirstIntelannouncedasurprisedropinfirst-quarterearnings.ThatwasfollowedlateFridaybyreportthatCompaq’sfinancialswouldalsobedisappointing.Demandforcomputersseemstobeslowinganalystsuggested--atrenddueinparttoarangeofshort-termfactorsincludingAsia’seconomiccrisis.Idon’tthinkwehavecleardateeitherasacompanyoranindustryastowhatthesenumbersmeansaysIntelspokesmanHowardHighTrueenough.ButtheslowdownisasharpreminderthatconsumerdemandforcomputershasfallenshortofthehypesurroundingtheInfoRevolution.Threeyearsago31percentofU.S.householdsownedacomputer.Today40percentdo.Weshouldbeat60to65percentsaysNickDonatiellopresidentofOdysseyCommunicationsaSanFranciscomarket-researchfirm.FormostAmericanshesuggeststhepersonalcomputerisnotyettheindispensabletoolthatdigitalenthusiaststhinkitis.Todaynewproductsarecomingoutthatresemblecomputersbutaren’tandtheymayeventuallyappealtofrustratedconsumersmorethanhard-to-usePCs.Thecomputerisatechnology-drivendevicemadebytechnologistsfortechnologistswhodon’tknowanybettersaysDonaldNormanseniortechnicaladvisertoHewlettPackard.AtthesametimenewalliancesbetweencompaniesandindustriesareaimingtodashinontheInternetoftomorrow--withoutpartneringwiththetitansoftoday.IfallthisposesachallengeforIntelitportendsevengreaterdifficultiesforMicrosoft.Allthechallengesandthreatsposeacompellingquestion:ifMicrosoftenjoysthemonopolycriticssayithashowlongwillitlastAccordingtoNickDonatielloPresidentofOdysseyCommunicationsthepersonalcomputer______.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 14
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 16
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 18
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 12
Thejobofraisingchildrenisatoughone.Childrendon’tcomewithaninstructionmanual.Andeachchildisdifferent.41__________. ToAmericansthegoalofparentsistohelpchildrenstandontheirowntwofeet.Frominfancyeachchildmaygethisorherownroom.Aschildrengrowtheygainmorefreedomtomaketheirownchoices.Teenagerschoosetheirownformsofentertainmentaswellasthefriendstosharethemwith.42__________.Butoncethey"leavethenest"ataround18to21yearsoldtheywanttobeontheirownnot"tiedtotheirmother’sapronstrings." 43__________.Whenchildrenbecomeadultstheirrelationshipwiththeirparentsbecomesmorelikeafriendshipamongequals.ButcontrarytopopularbeliefmostadultAmericansdon’tmaketheirparentspayforroomandboardwhentheycometovisit.Evenasadultstheyrespectandhonortheirparents. 44__________.ManyAmericanshavestrongfeelingsaboutwhichtypeofarrangementisbest.Somearguethatattendingadaycarecentercanbeapositiveexperienceforchildren.Othersinsistthatmothersarethebestcaregiversforchildren.Anumberofwomenarenowleavingtheworkforcetobecomefull-timehomemakers. 45__________.Manyparentsfeelthatanold-fashionedspankinghelpsyoungsterslearnwhat"No!"means.Otherspreferalternateformsofdiscipline.Forexample"timeouts"havebecomepopularinrecentyears.Childrenin"timeout’havetositinacornerorbyawall.Theycangetuponlywhentheyarereadytoactnicely.Olderchildrenandteenagerswhobreaktherulesmaybegroundedornotallowedtogooutwithfriends.Someoftheirprivilegesathome--likeTVortelephoneuse—mayalsobetakenawayforawhile.Althoughdisciplinecan’tfunforparentsorchildrenit’sanecessarypartoftraining. Beingaparentisatallorder.Ittakespatiencelovewisdomcourageandagoodsenseofhumortoraisechildrenandnotloseyoursanity.Somepeoplearejustdecidingnottohavechildrenatallsincethey’renotsureit’sworthitButraisingchildrenmeanstrainingthenextgenerationandpreservingourculture.Whatcouldbeworthmorethanthat A.TherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildreninAmericaisveryinformal.Americanparentstrytotreattheirchildrenasindividuals--notasextensionsofthem-selves.Theyallowthemtofulfilltheirowndreams.Americanspraiseandencouragetheirchildrentogivethemtheconfidencetosucceed. B.Soparentssometimespulltheirhairoutinfrustrationnotknowingwhattodo.Butinraisingchildren—asinalloflife—whatwedoisinfluencedbyourculture.NaturallythenAmericanparentsteachtheirchildrenbasicAmericanvalues. C.DiscipliningchildrenisanotherareathatAmericanparentshavedifferingopinionsabout. D.Naturallyeveryparentwantstheirchildtobesafewhetherthechildisonlineorontheschoolbus.Andcertainlyifyoususpectyourchildisinvolvedindrugsinappropriaterelationshipsorotherdangeroussituationsit’syourresponsibilitytostepinandinterveneusingwhatevertoolsarenecessary. E.Whentheyreachyoungadulthoodtheychoosetheirowncareersandmarriagepartners.Ofcoursemanyyoungadultsstillseektheirparents’adviceandapprovalforthechoicestheymake. F.Mostyoungcoupleswithchildrenstrugglewiththeissueofchildcare.MothershavetraditionallystayedhomewiththeirchildrenInrecentyearsthoughagrowingtrendistoputpreschoolersinadaycarecentersoMomcanwork. G.KeepthefamilyPCinanaccessiblepartofthehousewhereyoucaneasilykeepaneyeonyourchildren’sactivityandlimittheamountoftimeyourkidsspendonline.DiscusssomeofthedangersoftheInternetwitholderchildrenandmakesuretheyunderstandthattheyshouldnotprovidepersonalinformationsuchastheirnameaddressorschooltopeopletheymeetonlineandtheyshouldneveragreetomeetanonlineacquaintancefacetofacewithoutyourpermission. 42
Dr.NormanRosenthalapsychiatristintheWashingtonareaandanexpertondepressionandangerwhenreviewingthedriverwhokeptthreateningmesaysdriverswhorepeatedlytailgate紧跟着某车驾驶tryingtopressurethecarsinfronttomovefasterorgetoutoftheway"arealwayssittingontheirarteries"whichconstrictsinresponsetostresshormonesthatspewforthfromtheiradrenal 46Itishardtosaywhetherrageisnowmorecommonthanitusedtobeorwearesimplynowmoreawareofit.givenhigh-profilecaseslikemassshootingsbychildrenandevidencethatchronicallyangrypeopleendangertheirhealththeirlobsandtheirpersonalrelationships. Forexampleina25-yearfollow-upstudyofUniversityofNorthCarolinamedicalstudentsDr.JohnBarefootnowatDukefoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestinhostilityonastandardpersonalityrestwerenearlyfiverimesaslikelytodieofheartdiseaseastheirlesshostileclassmates. 47Certainlypressuresbuiltintomanymodernlives—urbansuburbanandrural—givemanyopportunitiesforlatentangertoerupt.Butthatdoesnotmeanfrequenthostileoutburstsareeitherinevitableorproductive.AsDr.Rosenthalwrote"Inmosteverydaysituationswearemorelikelytopayagreaterpriceforlosingourtemperthanfornotgettingourlicksinquicklyenough."Theadvicetocountto10andifyou’restillangrycountto100beforeyoutakeanyactionisfarfromanoldwife’stale. Dr.Rosenthalsaidthedriverthreateningmeappearedtoattributehostilemotivestootherpeople.InhismindIdeliberatelymadehislifedifficultandhewasdeterminedtoteachmealesson. Furthermorehesaidcommonmisperceptionsoftenfuelanger.Somepeopleespeciallythosewhoaredepressedseehostilitywhereitdoesnotexist.48Theybelieve—Incorrectly—thatothersfeelhostileorcriticaltowardthemandtendtodefendthemselvesintheprocessactuallyprovokinghostilityandaviciouscycleofanger 49Othersoperatefromamisperceptionthattheworldshouldbeotherthanitisandbecomeenragedwhendisturbedbytheordinaryhasslesandinconveniencesofeverydaylife—anairportdelayatrafficjamapersonwhobreaksintoaline. Dr.Rosenthaltoldofafriendwhowasoftenangeredbylongredlightsandwhosewife"mindshimgentlythattheredlightdoesn"tcaresohemightaswellsavehisfury."50Thepsychiatristnotedthat"itiseasiertochangeyourexpectationsandrecognizethatlifeisoftenneitherfairnoreasythanitistochangetheworld." Sometimeschemicalinfluences-’-likeexcessivecaffeinesteroidsdietdrugsandantidepressants--fosterirritability.Ifmedicationsmaybecontributingtoyourangerdiscussthispossibilitywithyourphysician. Theybelieve—Incorrectly—thatothersfeelhostileorcriticaltowardthemandtendtodefendthemselvesintheprocessactuallyprovokinghostilityandaviciouscycleofanger
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 10
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent.WeasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetimeinsistsRiley.Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology.Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion.StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide.Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAgehenoted.Thechoicehesaidissimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall./Inordertogetthediscountsinquestiontheschoolsorlibrarieshaveto______.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 8
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb.Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty.Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren.Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld.AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince.Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently.HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions.Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove.ThefollowingstatementsarethereasonsthatclarifygroupidentityarenotalwaysbadEXCEPT______.
Dr.NormanRosenthalapsychiatristintheWashingtonareaandanexpertondepressionandangerwhenreviewingthedriverwhokeptthreateningmesaysdriverswhorepeatedlytailgate紧跟着某车驾驶tryingtopressurethecarsinfronttomovefasterorgetoutoftheway"arealwayssittingontheirarteries"whichconstrictsinresponsetostresshormonesthatspewforthfromtheiradrenal 46Itishardtosaywhetherrageisnowmorecommonthanitusedtobeorwearesimplynowmoreawareofit.givenhigh-profilecaseslikemassshootingsbychildrenandevidencethatchronicallyangrypeopleendangertheirhealththeirlobsandtheirpersonalrelationships. Forexampleina25-yearfollow-upstudyofUniversityofNorthCarolinamedicalstudentsDr.JohnBarefootnowatDukefoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestinhostilityonastandardpersonalityrestwerenearlyfiverimesaslikelytodieofheartdiseaseastheirlesshostileclassmates. 47Certainlypressuresbuiltintomanymodernlives—urbansuburbanandrural—givemanyopportunitiesforlatentangertoerupt.Butthatdoesnotmeanfrequenthostileoutburstsareeitherinevitableorproductive.AsDr.Rosenthalwrote"Inmosteverydaysituationswearemorelikelytopayagreaterpriceforlosingourtemperthanfornotgettingourlicksinquicklyenough."Theadvicetocountto10andifyou’restillangrycountto100beforeyoutakeanyactionisfarfromanoldwife’stale. Dr.Rosenthalsaidthedriverthreateningmeappearedtoattributehostilemotivestootherpeople.InhismindIdeliberatelymadehislifedifficultandhewasdeterminedtoteachmealesson. Furthermorehesaidcommonmisperceptionsoftenfuelanger.Somepeopleespeciallythosewhoaredepressedseehostilitywhereitdoesnotexist.48Theybelieve—Incorrectly—thatothersfeelhostileorcriticaltowardthemandtendtodefendthemselvesintheprocessactuallyprovokinghostilityandaviciouscycleofanger 49Othersoperatefromamisperceptionthattheworldshouldbeotherthanitisandbecomeenragedwhendisturbedbytheordinaryhasslesandinconveniencesofeverydaylife—anairportdelayatrafficjamapersonwhobreaksintoaline. Dr.Rosenthaltoldofafriendwhowasoftenangeredbylongredlightsandwhosewife"mindshimgentlythattheredlightdoesn"tcaresohemightaswellsavehisfury."50Thepsychiatristnotedthat"itiseasiertochangeyourexpectationsandrecognizethatlifeisoftenneitherfairnoreasythanitistochangetheworld." Sometimeschemicalinfluences-’-likeexcessivecaffeinesteroidsdietdrugsandantidepressants--fosterirritability.Ifmedicationsmaybecontributingtoyourangerdiscussthispossibilitywithyourphysician. Thepsychiatristnotedthatitiseasiertochangeyourexpectationsandrecognizethatlifeisoftenneitherfairnoreasythanitistochangetheworld.
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