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Mergers ? ?The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. A merger occurs ?(46) ?. ? ?W...
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TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Oneoftheadvantagesofinvolvingworkersinmakingadecisionisthattheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenworkersandmanagerscanbeimproved.
FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgivingFourweeksagoUSchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloweenInafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresentsforChristmas.Asifallthisisn’tenoughonThursdaythisweekAmericawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschoolshopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.EveryyearinGainesvilleFloridaanentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.DeanFosteranIl-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschoollotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily.HisbrotherBenninesaid:ThebestthingaboutThanksgivingisthatwhenitisfinisheditistimetostartChristmas.Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayeveningDeanandBen’sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedinAmericatostartanewlife.Afterahardyeartheyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.ThanksgivingisthetimefortheAmericanpeopletothankGodfor
TheOperationofInternationalAirlinesInternationalairlineshaverediscovered重新发现thebusinesstravelerthemanorwomanwhoregularlyjetsfromcountrytocountryaspartofthejob.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatairlineseverabandonedtheirbusinesstravelers.InsteadcompanieslikeLufthansaandSwissairwouldrightarguethattheyhavealwayscateredbestfortheexecutiveclasspassengers.Butmanyairlinescouldbeaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyintherecentpastonattractingpassengersbyvolumeoftenattheexpenseoftheregulartraveler.Toooftentheyhaveseemedgearedforquantityratherthanquality.Operatingamajorairlineisessentiallyamatteroffindingtherightmixofpassengers.Theairlinesneedtofillupthebackendoftheirwide-bodiedjetswithlowfarepassengerswithoutforgettingthatthefrontendshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhopaysubstantiallymorefortheirtickets.Itisnocoincidencethatthetwomajorairlinebankruptcies破产wereamongthecompaniesspecializingincheapflights.Butlowfaresrequireconsistentlyfullaircrafttomakeflightseconomicallyviableandintherecentrecessionthevolumeoftraffichasnotgrown.Equallythelargenumberofairlinesjostlingfortheavailablepassengershascreatedahugeexcessofcapacity.Thenetresultofexcesscapacityandcut-throatcompetition卡脖子竞争drivingdownfareshadbeentopushsomeairlinesintocollapseandleavemanyothershoveringonthebrink.Againstthisgrim严酷backgrounditisnosurprisethatairlinesareturningincreasinglytowardsthebusinesstravelerstoimprovetheirratesofreturn.Theyhaveinvestedmuchtimeandefforttoestablishexactlywhattheexecutivedemandsforsittingapartfromthetourists.Highonthelistofprioritiesispunctuality;anexecutive’stimeismoney.In-flightserviceisanotherareawheretheairlinesarejostlingfortheexecutive’sattention.Thefreedrinksandheadsetsandbetterfoodareallpartofthelure.Anotherdevelopmenthasbeentheaccentofseatingarrangements.Regulartravelershavebecomewellversedinthedebateaboutseatpitch—theamountofroombetweeneachpassenger.Andfirst-classpassengersarenowofferedsleeperetteseatswhichforlongjourneysmakeitpossibletosnatchapropernight’ssleep.Sleeperetteshaveprovedsopopularthattheywillsoonbecomeuniversalinthefrontendofmostaircraft.Theairlinesarealsotryingtoimprovethingsontheground.Executiveloungesarecommonplaceandintendedtomaketheinevitablewaitingbetweenflightsalittlemorebearable.Luggagehandlingisbeingimproved.Regrettably遗憾地thereislittletheairlinescandotospeeduptheboringimmigrationandcustomsprocesswhichmanagestoupsetandfrustratepassengersofallclassesineverycontinent.Althoughitistheairlines’intentiontoattractexecutivepassengersfromtheirrivalstheairlinesthemselveswouldnonethelessliketochangeonebadhabitofthiskindoftraveler—theexpensivehabitofbookingaflightandthenfailingtoturnup.ThepracticeisparticularlywidespreadinEuropewherebusinessmenfrequentlybookreturnjourneyshomeoneonseveralflights.TheimprovementstheairlinesattemptatincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Itisnotwisetopresentthebosswithaproblem______.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Paragraph4______
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 61.
{{*HTML*}}Brands??Thewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.?46?Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.?47???Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.?48?Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.??Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.?49???Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.?50?Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.??A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.??B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.??C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.??D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.??E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.??F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepted.
FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgivingFourweeksagoUSchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloweenInafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresentsforChristmas.Asifallthisisn’tenoughonThursdaythisweekAmericawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschoolshopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.EveryyearinGainesvilleFloridaanentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.DeanFosteranIl-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschoollotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily.HisbrotherBenninesaid:ThebestthingaboutThanksgivingisthatwhenitisfinisheditistimetostartChristmas.Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayeveningDeanandBen’sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedinAmericatostartanewlife.Afterahardyeartheyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.OnHalloweenchildrenintheUnitedStatesoftendressupas
TheOperationofInternationalAirlinesInternationalairlineshaverediscovered重新发现thebusinesstravelerthemanorwomanwhoregularlyjetsfromcountrytocountryaspartofthejob.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatairlineseverabandonedtheirbusinesstravelers.InsteadcompanieslikeLufthansaandSwissairwouldrightarguethattheyhavealwayscateredbestfortheexecutiveclasspassengers.Butmanyairlinescouldbeaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyintherecentpastonattractingpassengersbyvolumeoftenattheexpenseoftheregulartraveler.Toooftentheyhaveseemedgearedforquantityratherthanquality.Operatingamajorairlineisessentiallyamatteroffindingtherightmixofpassengers.Theairlinesneedtofillupthebackendoftheirwide-bodiedjetswithlowfarepassengerswithoutforgettingthatthefrontendshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhopaysubstantiallymorefortheirtickets.Itisnocoincidencethatthetwomajorairlinebankruptcies破产wereamongthecompaniesspecializingincheapflights.Butlowfaresrequireconsistentlyfullaircrafttomakeflightseconomicallyviableandintherecentrecessionthevolumeoftraffichasnotgrown.Equallythelargenumberofairlinesjostlingfortheavailablepassengershascreatedahugeexcessofcapacity.Thenetresultofexcesscapacityandcut-throatcompetition卡脖子竞争drivingdownfareshadbeentopushsomeairlinesintocollapseandleavemanyothershoveringonthebrink.Againstthisgrim严酷backgrounditisnosurprisethatairlinesareturningincreasinglytowardsthebusinesstravelerstoimprovetheirratesofreturn.Theyhaveinvestedmuchtimeandefforttoestablishexactlywhattheexecutivedemandsforsittingapartfromthetourists.Highonthelistofprioritiesispunctuality;anexecutive’stimeismoney.In-flightserviceisanotherareawheretheairlinesarejostlingfortheexecutive’sattention.Thefreedrinksandheadsetsandbetterfoodareallpartofthelure.Anotherdevelopmenthasbeentheaccentofseatingarrangements.Regulartravelershavebecomewellversedinthedebateaboutseatpitch—theamountofroombetweeneachpassenger.Andfirst-classpassengersarenowofferedsleeperetteseatswhichforlongjourneysmakeitpossibletosnatchapropernight’ssleep.Sleeperetteshaveprovedsopopularthattheywillsoonbecomeuniversalinthefrontendofmostaircraft.Theairlinesarealsotryingtoimprovethingsontheground.Executiveloungesarecommonplaceandintendedtomaketheinevitablewaitingbetweenflightsalittlemorebearable.Luggagehandlingisbeingimproved.Regrettably遗憾地thereislittletheairlinescandotospeeduptheboringimmigrationandcustomsprocesswhichmanagestoupsetandfrustratepassengersofallclassesineverycontinent.Althoughitistheairlines’intentiontoattractexecutivepassengersfromtheirrivalstheairlinesthemselveswouldnonethelessliketochangeonebadhabitofthiskindoftraveler—theexpensivehabitofbookingaflightandthenfailingtoturnup.ThepracticeisparticularlywidespreadinEuropewherebusinessmenfrequentlybookreturnjourneyshomeoneonseveralflights.Whichofthefollowingisabadhabitoftheexecutivepassengersthatfrustratestheairlines
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ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 51.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 65.
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TheStreetViolinistIgotupanddressedstuckmyviolinundermyjacketandwentoutintothestreetstotrymyluck.IwanderedaboutforanhourlookingforalikelyspotfeelingasthoughIwereabouttocommitacrime.ThenIstoppedatlastunderabridgenearthestationanddecidedtohaveatry.Ifelttenseandnervous.Itwasthefirsttimeafterall.Idrewtheviolinfromundermycoatlikeagun.ItwashereinSouthamptonwithtrainsrattlingoverheadthatIwasabouttodeclaremyself.OnemorningIwaspartofthehurryingcrowdsthenextIstoodapartmybacktothewallmyhatonthepavementbeforemetheviolinundermychin.ThefistnotesIplayedwereloudandrawlikeadeclarationofprotest.Thentheysettleddownandbegantorunmoresmoothlyandtostaymoreorlessinturn.TomysurpriseIwasneitherarrestednortoldtoshutup.Indeednobodytookanynoticeatall.Thenanoldmanwithoutstoppingsurreptitiouslytossedapennyintomyhatasthoughgettingoutofsomeguiltyevidence.IworkedthestreetsofSouthamptonforseveraldaysgraduallyacquiringthetruthsofthetradebytrialanderror.Itwasnotagoodthingforinstancetoletthehatfillupwithmoney—thesightcoulddiscouragethepatron.Norwasitwisetoemptyitcompletelywhichcouldalsoconfusehimgivinghimnohintastowheretodrophismoney.Placingacoupleofpenniesinthehattostartthethinggoingsoonbecamearegularritualmakingsurebetweentunestohidemostoftheearningsbutalwaysleavingtwopenniesbehind.Oldladiesweremostgenerousandsowerewomenwithchildrenshopgirlstypistsandbarmaids.Asforthemanheavydrinkerswerealwayswillinglistenersandsowerebigguyswithmuscles.Butneveramanwithagentleman’shatbriefcaseordog.Respectabletypeswerethemeanestofall.Exceptforretiredarmyofficerswhowouldtellwhyaren’tyouworkingyoungmanandthentosssomemoneyintothehattohidetheirconfusion.Accordingtotheauthorwhatisthebestwaytoencouragepeopletogiveastreetviolinistmoney
FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgivingFourweeksagoUSchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloweenInafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresentsforChristmas.Asifallthisisn’tenoughonThursdaythisweekAmericawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschoolshopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.EveryyearinGainesvilleFloridaanentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.DeanFosteranIl-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschoollotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily.HisbrotherBenninesaid:ThebestthingaboutThanksgivingisthatwhenitisfinisheditistimetostartChristmas.Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayeveningDeanandBen’sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedinAmericatostartanewlife.Afterahardyeartheyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.ThefirstpilgrimssettledinAmericain
TheOperationofInternationalAirlinesInternationalairlineshaverediscovered重新发现thebusinesstravelerthemanorwomanwhoregularlyjetsfromcountrytocountryaspartofthejob.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatairlineseverabandonedtheirbusinesstravelers.InsteadcompanieslikeLufthansaandSwissairwouldrightarguethattheyhavealwayscateredbestfortheexecutiveclasspassengers.Butmanyairlinescouldbeaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyintherecentpastonattractingpassengersbyvolumeoftenattheexpenseoftheregulartraveler.Toooftentheyhaveseemedgearedforquantityratherthanquality.Operatingamajorairlineisessentiallyamatteroffindingtherightmixofpassengers.Theairlinesneedtofillupthebackendoftheirwide-bodiedjetswithlowfarepassengerswithoutforgettingthatthefrontendshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhopaysubstantiallymorefortheirtickets.Itisnocoincidencethatthetwomajorairlinebankruptcies破产wereamongthecompaniesspecializingincheapflights.Butlowfaresrequireconsistentlyfullaircrafttomakeflightseconomicallyviableandintherecentrecessionthevolumeoftraffichasnotgrown.Equallythelargenumberofairlinesjostlingfortheavailablepassengershascreatedahugeexcessofcapacity.Thenetresultofexcesscapacityandcut-throatcompetition卡脖子竞争drivingdownfareshadbeentopushsomeairlinesintocollapseandleavemanyothershoveringonthebrink.Againstthisgrim严酷backgrounditisnosurprisethatairlinesareturningincreasinglytowardsthebusinesstravelerstoimprovetheirratesofreturn.Theyhaveinvestedmuchtimeandefforttoestablishexactlywhattheexecutivedemandsforsittingapartfromthetourists.Highonthelistofprioritiesispunctuality;anexecutive’stimeismoney.In-flightserviceisanotherareawheretheairlinesarejostlingfortheexecutive’sattention.Thefreedrinksandheadsetsandbetterfoodareallpartofthelure.Anotherdevelopmenthasbeentheaccentofseatingarrangements.Regulartravelershavebecomewellversedinthedebateaboutseatpitch—theamountofroombetweeneachpassenger.Andfirst-classpassengersarenowofferedsleeperetteseatswhichforlongjourneysmakeitpossibletosnatchapropernight’ssleep.Sleeperetteshaveprovedsopopularthattheywillsoonbecomeuniversalinthefrontendofmostaircraft.Theairlinesarealsotryingtoimprovethingsontheground.Executiveloungesarecommonplaceandintendedtomaketheinevitablewaitingbetweenflightsalittlemorebearable.Luggagehandlingisbeingimproved.Regrettably遗憾地thereislittletheairlinescandotospeeduptheboringimmigrationandcustomsprocesswhichmanagestoupsetandfrustratepassengersofallclassesineverycontinent.Althoughitistheairlines’intentiontoattractexecutivepassengersfromtheirrivalstheairlinesthemselveswouldnonethelessliketochangeonebadhabitofthiskindoftraveler—theexpensivehabitofbookingaflightandthenfailingtoturnup.ThepracticeisparticularlywidespreadinEuropewherebusinessmenfrequentlybookreturnjourneyshomeoneonseveralflights.Accordingtothepassageinoperatingairlinesitisessentialto
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 55.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.{{*HTML*}}Ifyouwanttoaskthebossforanythingitisimportanttofindoutfirst______.??A．togivethebossyouradvice??B．howheisfeeling??C．thebossmayhave??D．whatyoureallywanttotalktohimabout??E．withoutsuggestingawaytosolveitF．howunhappyyouare
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 53.
IrarelyweararaincoatbecauseIspendmostofmytimeinacar
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 57.
TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Beforeclosingaplantshouldputupanoticeandkeepitfor90days.
TheStreetViolinistIgotupanddressedstuckmyviolinundermyjacketandwentoutintothestreetstotrymyluck.IwanderedaboutforanhourlookingforalikelyspotfeelingasthoughIwereabouttocommitacrime.ThenIstoppedatlastunderabridgenearthestationanddecidedtohaveatry.Ifelttenseandnervous.Itwasthefirsttimeafterall.Idrewtheviolinfromundermycoatlikeagun.ItwashereinSouthamptonwithtrainsrattlingoverheadthatIwasabouttodeclaremyself.OnemorningIwaspartofthehurryingcrowdsthenextIstoodapartmybacktothewallmyhatonthepavementbeforemetheviolinundermychin.ThefistnotesIplayedwereloudandrawlikeadeclarationofprotest.Thentheysettleddownandbegantorunmoresmoothlyandtostaymoreorlessinturn.TomysurpriseIwasneitherarrestednortoldtoshutup.Indeednobodytookanynoticeatall.Thenanoldmanwithoutstoppingsurreptitiouslytossedapennyintomyhatasthoughgettingoutofsomeguiltyevidence.IworkedthestreetsofSouthamptonforseveraldaysgraduallyacquiringthetruthsofthetradebytrialanderror.Itwasnotagoodthingforinstancetoletthehatfillupwithmoney—thesightcoulddiscouragethepatron.Norwasitwisetoemptyitcompletelywhichcouldalsoconfusehimgivinghimnohintastowheretodrophismoney.Placingacoupleofpenniesinthehattostartthethinggoingsoonbecamearegularritualmakingsurebetweentunestohidemostoftheearningsbutalwaysleavingtwopenniesbehind.Oldladiesweremostgenerousandsowerewomenwithchildrenshopgirlstypistsandbarmaids.Asforthemanheavydrinkerswerealwayswillinglistenersandsowerebigguyswithmuscles.Butneveramanwithagentleman’shatbriefcaseordog.Respectabletypeswerethemeanestofall.Exceptforretiredarmyofficerswhowouldtellwhyaren’tyouworkingyoungmanandthentosssomemoneyintothehattohidetheirconfusion.Thefirsttimetheauthorplayedtheviolininthestreetheexpected______.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.{{*HTML*}}Paragraph2______??A．Keepyourvoicelowallthetime??B．Putyourselfintheboss’sposition??C．Proposeyoursolution??D．Don’tgoinwhenyouareangry??E．MaketheissueclearF．Nevergivein
Jackwasdismissed.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 59.
Thearchitectureisharmoniousandnobuildingisoversix-storeyhigh.
Hewassaidtohavebeenremovedfromthepositionofmanagerforarecentconflictwithanimportantcustomer.
{{*HTML*}}Brands??Thewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.?46?Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.?47???Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.?48?Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.??Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.?49???Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.?50?Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.??A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.??B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.??C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.??D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.??E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.??F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepted.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsfirstand52onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"entertainment". Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 63.
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