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Text2Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature.Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich.Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying.Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany.Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun.Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Thereishopeforthe21stcenturyifwomencan
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 42
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
本题为选做题请在ⅠⅡ两道试题中选取其中一道作答若两题都回答只按第1道试题的成绩计入总分 选做题Ⅰ 以下是关于美国人权外交和中国人权状况的材料 材料1 新华社1991年12月9日电美国参议院外委会不久前就美国是否参加公民权利和政治权利国际公约举行了听证会初步结论是美国__高于国际法参议院不宜轻易批准这一公约电文报道了美国至今未参加禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约和们消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约对此美国国际法学会执行副会长哈格罗夫说“美国连主要的国际人权公约都没有加入它又用什么立场来关注别国__呢” 材料2 美国学者劳伦斯·肖曾针对美国罗伯特·肯尼迪基金会把当年的人权奖发给__及美国的“自由之家”__授予达赖喇嘛“自由奖章”等问题说“人权运动的实际攻击目标主要是社会主义国家它具有强烈的__和冷战倾向”他还说“人权运动的最终目的是试图鼓励社会主义国家的持不同政见者” 材料3 中国的人权状况白皮书中说“中国政府自1980年先后签署批准并加入了防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约关于难民地位的议定书禁止酷刑和其他残忍不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约等七个国际人权公约” 请回答 1中国和美国加入国际有关人权公约的不同态度说明了什么 2美国“人权外交”的实质是什么 3对美国的“人权外交”我们应该采取什么态度和做法 选做题Ⅱ 在处理社会主义国家之间关系的问题上铁托等南斯拉夫领导人与苏联领导人之间存在着分歧与对立现将有关材料摘录如下 材料1 无论我们每个人多么热爱社会主义的故乡苏联他决不能爱自己的国家亚于爱苏联因为他自己的国家同样是正在发展社会主义——这里具体说就是南斯拉夫联邦人民共和国这个国家的成千上万最进步的人们已经为国捐躯我们深知这种道理在苏联也是这样理解的 ——摘自1948年4月13日铁托等人致苏联领导人的一封信 材料2 情报局认为南共领导所犯错误的基础在于这样一个毋庸置疑的事实即先前以伪装形式存在的民族主义因素在过去五六个月的时间内在南共领导中获得了统治地位因此南共领导同南共的国际主义传统决裂而走上民族主义道路 南斯拉夫领导人显然不了解或者可能是假装不了解这样一条民族主义路线只能使南斯拉夫蜕变成一个普通的资产阶级共和国丧失独立沦为帝国主义国家的殖民地 情报局并不怀疑南共党内忠于马列主义忠于南共国际传统忠于社会主义统一战线的健康分子大有人在 健康分子的任务是迫使他们现在的领导人承认他们的错误并且公开地诚恳地加以纠正迫使他们与民族主义决裂回到国际主义上来千方百计地巩固反对帝国主义的社会主义统一战线 如果南斯拉夫__现在的领导人办不到这一点这些健康分子的任务就是取而代之形成党的国际主义的新领导 ——摘自1948年6月28日__情报局关于开除南斯拉夫的决议 材料3 两国政府同意采取进一步的措施实现关系正常化并发展两国的合作因为他们深信这样做符合两国人民的利益而且是对缓和紧张局势与巩固世界和平的一种贡献两国政府在谈判过程中表现了进一步发展苏联与南斯拉夫全面合作的真诚愿望这种合作完全符合两国的利益也符合和平与社会主义的利益而且当前存在着合作的客观条件 为了加强人民之间的相互信任与合作两国政府从下述原则出发审查了作为此次谈判目的各项问题 和平不可分它是集体安全赖以建立的唯一基础 尊重主权独立和领土完整尊重两国相互关系中以及与其他国家的关系中的平等地位承认并发展国家之间的和平共处而不论其意识形态分歧和社会制度的不同这意味着一切国家在一般国际关系中特别是在经济与文化联系中进行合作 互相尊重不以任何无论是经济政治或意识形态性质的理由干涉他国内政因为国内的政治结构问题不同的社会制度问题以及发展社会主义不同的具体形式问题完全是各国人民自己的事情 ——摘自1955年6月2日南斯拉夫和苏联两国的贝尔格莱德宣言 材料4 1968年8月20日苏联等华沙条约5国入侵捷克斯洛伐克遭到了包括铁托和南斯拉夫人民在内的世界舆论的谴责勃列日涅夫则认为“当社会主义的内外敌对势力试图扭转某个社会主义国家的发展复辟资本主义制度当那个国家的社会主义事业遭到了危险——对整个社会主义共同体的安全构成威胁——这就不再仅仅是那个国家人民的问题而变成了一个共同的问题——所有社会主义国家关心的问题” ——摘自1968年11月12日勃列日涅夫在波兰__代表大会上的讲话 请回答 1比较材料1和2说明苏南冲突时就民族利益和社会主义利益的关系而言双方的根本分歧及各自的目的 2参照材料2指出材料3所反映的苏联在苏南两国关系准则上所做的重大让步并简析其原因 3比较材料2和4指出苏联1968年入侵捷克斯洛伐克的借口与当年情报局开除南斯拉夫时的借口的异同 4与材料3相比材料4所示苏联在社会主义国家间相互关系问题上的态度发生了较大的变化试指出发生这一变化的原因 5根据以上材料指出正确处理社会主义国家间相互关系的基本准则
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics".InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth.TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices.Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention."The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction.Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. WhatisthecoreofAdamSmith’seconomicphilosophy
Text4AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics".InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth.TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices.Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention."The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction.Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Text2Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature.Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich.Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying.Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany.Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun.Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Femaleathleteskeepplayinginorderto
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics".InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth.TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices.Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention."The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction.Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. InSmith'sviewmonopolies
Text3PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. AccordingtoexpertsthetestforAIDSis
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife.HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency.AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Thewriterdevelopshisideasinthethree-paragraphpassagebymeansof
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsChildrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsChildrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text2Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature.Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich.Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying.Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany.Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun.Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Astowithstandingthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposeswhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormightagree
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsChildrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.
__在庆祝中国__成立八十周年大会上的__我们建立了社会主义制度实现了中国历史上最广泛最深刻的社会变革我们创造性地实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的转变全面确立了社会主义的基本制度使占世界人口1/4的东方大国进入了社会主义社会这是中国社会变革和历史进步的巨大飞跃也极大支持和推进了世界社会主义事业请根据__这段科学论述分析说明社会主义改造的完成与社会主义制度在中国确立的伟大意义是什么
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife.HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency.AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsHealthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service.Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 44
Text3PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. AsforwhetherpotentialAIDSvictimscarryingthevirustheauthorsuggeststhat
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