首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: study the following map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《大写作》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
热门试题
更多
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetests;criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.HowWellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandWisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempirical.evidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Theselectionimpliesthatmoreoftenthevalueofaneducationaltestrestswith
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetests;criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.HowWellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandWisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempirical.evidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountryinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.46Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.47Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldreyealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. 48In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming:49Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.50Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text4DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou."Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies.firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherselfandsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceasinessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhich0nlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending;超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在.......之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上 ByquotingWhitmaninparagraph2theauthorintendsto
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinitandtofindifheisablecommonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment".41.____________Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw.42.____________The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfacthavetobeabandonedaltogether.Secondascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust...’or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law’hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience.43.____________Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth.44.____________Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife...45.____________Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequired:scientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome.Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 45
Text4DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou."Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies.firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherselfandsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceasinessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhich0nlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending;超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在.......之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上 Theauthordiscussesthedemocraticethicinparagraph3inorderto
Text2MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheoldthesickandtheburdened.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringtheWar.WouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthenOlderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesit.seemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebusandsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Intheauthor'sviewthebestremedyforcopingwiththehardconditionsintravelincitieswouldbeto
Text3Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureor.theoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkind-thatheWasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity’wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthistextis
Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountryinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.46Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.47Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldreyealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. 48In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming:49Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.50Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject
Directions:Writealettertoyourcousinwhoisgoingtotakethecollegeentranceexaminationandfeelsstressedgivinghersomesuggestions.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Text3Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureor.theoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkind-thatheWasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity’wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
[A]MarkWilliamsandJasonMattingleywhosestudyhasjustbeenpublishedinCurrentBiologylookedatthewayaperson’ssexaffectshisorherresponsetoemotionallychargedfacialexpressions.Peoplefromallculturesagreeonwhatsixbasicexpressionsofemotionlooklike.Whetherthefacebeforeyouisexpressingangerdisgustfearjoysadnessorsurpriseseemstoberecogniseduniversally—whichsuggeststhattheexpressionsinvolvedareinnateratherthanlearned. [B]Moreovermostparticipantscouldfindanangryfacejustasquicklywhenitwasmixedinagroupofeightphotographsaswhenitwaspartofagroupoffour.Thatwasinstarkcontrasttotheotherfivesortsofexpressionwhichtookmoretimetofindwhentheyhadtobesortedfromalargergroup.Thissuggeststhatsomethinginthebrainisattunedtopickingoutangry.expressionsandthatitisespeciallyconcernedaboutangrymen.Alsothishighlytunedabilityseemsmoreimportanttomalesthanfemalessincethetworesearchersfoundthatmen-pickedouttheangryexpressionsfasterthanwomendideventhoughwomenwereusuallyquickerthanmentorecognizedeveryothersortoffacialexpression. [C]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleyshowedtheparticipantsintheirstudyphotographsoftheseemotionalexpressionsinmixedsetsofeitherfouroreight.Theyaskedtheparticipantstolookforaparticularsortofexpressionandmeasuredtheamountoftimeittookthemtofindit.Theresearchersfoundinagreementwithpreviousstudiesthatbothmenandwomenidentifiedangryexpressionsmostquickly.Buttheyalsofoundthatangerwasmorequicklyidentifiedonamalefacethanafemaleone. [D]Menarenotoriouslyinsensitivetotheemotionalworldaroundthem.Atleastthatisthestereotypepeddledbyathousandwomen’smagazines.AndastudybytworesearchersattheUniversityofMelbourneinAustraliaconfirmsthatmenareindeedlesssensitivetoemotionthanwomenwithoneimportantexception.Menareacutelysensitivetotheangerofothermen. [E]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleysuspectthereasonforthisisthatbeingabletospotanangryindividualquicklyhasasurvivaladvantage—andsinceangerismorelikelytoturnintolethalviolenceinmenthaninwomentheabilitytospotangrymalesquicklyisparticularlyvaluable. [F]Theabilitytospotquicklythatanalphamaleisinafoulmoodwouldthushavegreatsurvivalvalue.Itwouldallowthesharp-wittedtimetochooseappeasementdefenceorpossiblyevenpre-emptiveattack.Andifitisrightthisstudyalsoconfirmsalessonlearnedbygenerationsofbar-roomtoughguysandschoolyardbullies:ifyouwantattentiongetangry. [G]Astowhymenaremoresensitivetoangerthanwomenitispresumablybecausetheyarefarmorelikelytogetkilledbyit.Mostmurdersinvolvemenkillingothermen—eventodaythecontextofhomicideisusuallyaspontaneousdisputeoverstatusorsex. 作图 45
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetests;criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.HowWellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandWisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempirical.evidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Accordingtothetexttheauthor'sattitudetowardthevalueofstandardizedtestsseemstobe
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinitandtofindifheisablecommonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment".41.____________Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw.42.____________The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfacthavetobeabandonedaltogether.Secondascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust...’or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law’hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience.43.____________Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth.44.____________Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife...45.____________Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequired:scientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome.Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 43
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit.UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglishspeakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized.50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglishspeakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureor.theoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkind-thatheWasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity’wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph
Text2MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheoldthesickandtheburdened.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringtheWar.WouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthenOlderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesit.seemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebusandsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Accordingtotheauthorcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinitandtofindifheisablecommonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment".41.____________Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw.42.____________The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfacthavetobeabandonedaltogether.Secondascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust...’or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law’hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience.43.____________Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth.44.____________Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife...45.____________Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequired:scientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome.Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 41
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit.UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglishspeakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized.50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
[A]MarkWilliamsandJasonMattingleywhosestudyhasjustbeenpublishedinCurrentBiologylookedatthewayaperson’ssexaffectshisorherresponsetoemotionallychargedfacialexpressions.Peoplefromallculturesagreeonwhatsixbasicexpressionsofemotionlooklike.Whetherthefacebeforeyouisexpressingangerdisgustfearjoysadnessorsurpriseseemstoberecogniseduniversally—whichsuggeststhattheexpressionsinvolvedareinnateratherthanlearned. [B]Moreovermostparticipantscouldfindanangryfacejustasquicklywhenitwasmixedinagroupofeightphotographsaswhenitwaspartofagroupoffour.Thatwasinstarkcontrasttotheotherfivesortsofexpressionwhichtookmoretimetofindwhentheyhadtobesortedfromalargergroup.Thissuggeststhatsomethinginthebrainisattunedtopickingoutangry.expressionsandthatitisespeciallyconcernedaboutangrymen.Alsothishighlytunedabilityseemsmoreimportanttomalesthanfemalessincethetworesearchersfoundthatmen-pickedouttheangryexpressionsfasterthanwomendideventhoughwomenwereusuallyquickerthanmentorecognizedeveryothersortoffacialexpression. [C]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleyshowedtheparticipantsintheirstudyphotographsoftheseemotionalexpressionsinmixedsetsofeitherfouroreight.Theyaskedtheparticipantstolookforaparticularsortofexpressionandmeasuredtheamountoftimeittookthemtofindit.Theresearchersfoundinagreementwithpreviousstudiesthatbothmenandwomenidentifiedangryexpressionsmostquickly.Buttheyalsofoundthatangerwasmorequicklyidentifiedonamalefacethanafemaleone. [D]Menarenotoriouslyinsensitivetotheemotionalworldaroundthem.Atleastthatisthestereotypepeddledbyathousandwomen’smagazines.AndastudybytworesearchersattheUniversityofMelbourneinAustraliaconfirmsthatmenareindeedlesssensitivetoemotionthanwomenwithoneimportantexception.Menareacutelysensitivetotheangerofothermen. [E]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleysuspectthereasonforthisisthatbeingabletospotanangryindividualquicklyhasasurvivaladvantage—andsinceangerismorelikelytoturnintolethalviolenceinmenthaninwomentheabilitytospotangrymalesquicklyisparticularlyvaluable. [F]Theabilitytospotquicklythatanalphamaleisinafoulmoodwouldthushavegreatsurvivalvalue.Itwouldallowthesharp-wittedtimetochooseappeasementdefenceorpossiblyevenpre-emptiveattack.Andifitisrightthisstudyalsoconfirmsalessonlearnedbygenerationsofbar-roomtoughguysandschoolyardbullies:ifyouwantattentiongetangry. [G]Astowhymenaremoresensitivetoangerthanwomenitispresumablybecausetheyarefarmorelikelytogetkilledbyit.Mostmurdersinvolvemenkillingothermen—eventodaythecontextofhomicideisusuallyaspontaneousdisputeoverstatusorsex. 作图 43
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号