首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
On a weekday night this January, thousands of flag-waving youths packed Olaya Street, Riyadh’s main ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______ PrintDay
5为考生文件夹中的WEEKDAY文件夹中的HARD.EXE文件建立名为HARD的快捷方式并存放在考生
Theboylivesinavillage_____therearenoschools.Thushe
where
which
that
who
返回字符表达式中值的总和的函数为
Weekday(date)
Hour(date)
Date( )
Sum
5为考生文件夹中的WEEKDAY文件夹中的HARD．EXE文件建立名为HARD的快捷方式并存放在考生
—_______classesdoyouhaveeveryweekday?—Sevenclasses
How many
How much
How long
How often
Iwouldlovetoworkonweekday.
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下列语句后的输出结果是______PrintDayNo
设当前日期为2008年4月28日星期一则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______PrintDayNow
返回给定小时0～23的值表示给定时间是一天中的哪个时刻的函数为
Weekday(date)
Hour(date)
Date( )
Sum
下列程序的运行结果为【4】enumweekdaysun=7mon=1tuewedthufrisat;
Withoutthegamesheexpectsthebar'sweekdaysalesto____
drop off
put back
drop out
cut out
Thepostofficestartsitsbusinessat______everyweekday
7:00
7:55
8:00
9:00
Amurderwouldmostlikelyoccur_____.
on a weekend night in summer
on a weekend afternoon in summer
on a weekend night in winter
on a weekday afternoon in spring
设当前日期为2008年4月28日星期一则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______ PrintDayN
—Moreandmorefamiliescan_______acarnow.—That’struE.
afford
sell
Support
provide
Therearesevendaysinaweek.Somedaysarepeople'sfavour
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下列语句后的输出结果是______ PrintDay
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______PrintDayNo
若在Excel的A1单元格中输入函数=WEEKDAY2013-5-232按回车键后A1单元格中的值为
5
4
3
2
热门试题
更多
TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat______.
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud.YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.IssecuritysoftwareanadjacentsoftwaremarketinwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsideredbundlingwhichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.AndbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlikecomminglingsoftwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheregulatorsPar
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 19
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ThetextdoesnotdirectlysaybutimpliesthatKissinger
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 7
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 3
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 1
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 45
Directions:Yoursonkickedhisballthroughyourneighbor’swindow.Writealettertotellyourneighbor1yourregretathearingthenews2yourintentiontocompensateforthedamage3yourapology.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdenotneedtowritetheaddress.
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 43
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 13
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud.YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.IssecuritysoftwareanadjacentsoftwaremarketinwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsideredbundlingwhichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.AndbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlikecomminglingsoftwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat______.
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 11
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.WhatdoesthelawsuitfiledagainstNewJerseyindicate
Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself--themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’sMadonnawithChilda15th-centuryItalian-masterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.InthecaseofMadonnawithChildheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture.EvenwiththeBruegels--realandimitation--thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Faridsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmays6onbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.Wecaninferfromthetextthat______.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 17
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 47
TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext
Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself--themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’sMadonnawithChilda15th-centuryItalian-masterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.InthecaseofMadonnawithChildheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture.EvenwiththeBruegels--realandimitation--thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Faridsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmays6onbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.WhydidDr.FaridexaminePerugino’sMadonnawithChild
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.SenatorD.P.Moynihanwouldprobablyagreethat______.
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 15
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 41
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 19
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.Theauthorseemstobelievethat______.
TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.TheRevenue’slastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobe______.
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 49
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 5
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 17
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 9
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号