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Text 4 President Bush takes to the bully pulpit to deliver a stern lecture to America’s busines...
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Text4 PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodel
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Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Threepassionssimplebutoverwhelminglystronghavegovernedmylife:thelongingforlovethesearchforknowledgeandunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.46Thesepassionslikegreatwindshaveblownmehitherandthitherinawaywardcourseoveradeepoceanofanguishreachingtotheveryvergeofdespair. Ihavesoughtlovefirstbecauseitbringsecstasy--sogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.47Ihavesoughtitnextbecauseitrelievesloneliness--thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.48IhavesoughtitfinallybecauseintheunionofloveIhaveseeninamysticminiaturetheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsoughtandthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlifethisiswhat--atlast--Ihavefound. WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine...AlittleofthisbutnotmuchIhaveachieved. Loveandknowledgesofarastheywerepossibleledupwardtowardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.49Childreninfaminevictimstorturedbyoppressorshelplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsonsandthewholeworldoflonelinesspovertyandpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.IlongtoalleviatetheevilbutIcannotandItoosuffer. Thishasbeenmylife50Ihavefounditworthlivingandwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme. 48
Threepassionssimplebutoverwhelminglystronghavegovernedmylife:thelongingforlovethesearchforknowledgeandunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.46Thesepassionslikegreatwindshaveblownmehitherandthitherinawaywardcourseoveradeepoceanofanguishreachingtotheveryvergeofdespair. Ihavesoughtlovefirstbecauseitbringsecstasy--sogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.47Ihavesoughtitnextbecauseitrelievesloneliness--thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.48IhavesoughtitfinallybecauseintheunionofloveIhaveseeninamysticminiaturetheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsoughtandthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlifethisiswhat--atlast--Ihavefound. WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine...AlittleofthisbutnotmuchIhaveachieved. Loveandknowledgesofarastheywerepossibleledupwardtowardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.49Childreninfaminevictimstorturedbyoppressorshelplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsonsandthewholeworldoflonelinesspovertyandpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.IlongtoalleviatetheevilbutIcannotandItoosuffer. Thishasbeenmylife50Ihavefounditworthlivingandwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme. 50
Threepassionssimplebutoverwhelminglystronghavegovernedmylife:thelongingforlovethesearchforknowledgeandunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.46Thesepassionslikegreatwindshaveblownmehitherandthitherinawaywardcourseoveradeepoceanofanguishreachingtotheveryvergeofdespair. Ihavesoughtlovefirstbecauseitbringsecstasy--sogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.47Ihavesoughtitnextbecauseitrelievesloneliness--thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.48IhavesoughtitfinallybecauseintheunionofloveIhaveseeninamysticminiaturetheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsoughtandthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlifethisiswhat--atlast--Ihavefound. WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine...AlittleofthisbutnotmuchIhaveachieved. Loveandknowledgesofarastheywerepossibleledupwardtowardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.49Childreninfaminevictimstorturedbyoppressorshelplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsonsandthewholeworldoflonelinesspovertyandpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.IlongtoalleviatetheevilbutIcannotandItoosuffer. Thishasbeenmylife50Ihavefounditworthlivingandwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme. 46
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 8
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 12
Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 20
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 18
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon
Text1 Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation. Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries. Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework. Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood. Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Allofusmustbeeducatedtounderstandorrealizethat
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 10
Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________ Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________ Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________ Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________ Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________ Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected 42
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 2
Text4 Inmodernindustrywaterfulfillsseveralessentialfunctions.Itisusedasarawmaterialinmanyprocesses;itisessentialforcoolingmachinery;itprovidessteamforengineswhichconsumecoalanditisoneofthemostimportantsourcesofpower. Asasourceofpowerwaterisvirtuallyinexhaustible.Itspowerisultimatelyderivedfromtheforceofgravityandfromthesun.Itisthesun’senergythatwarmstheseaandthelandandcauseswatertoevaporateintotheair;laterthemoistureintheaircondensesandfallsintheformofrainorsnow.Muchofthewaterthatfallsonthelandflowsbacktothesea.Thedownwardflowofthewaterexertsconsiderablepressureanditisatthispointinthewatercyclethatwecancapturesomeofitspower. Theearliestmethodofexploitingthispowerwastomakewaterturnawheel.Thissysteminwhichtheforceofwaterwasuseddirectlyhadonegreatdisadvantage.Factorieswhichusedithadtobebuiltonthebanksoffastflowingstreamsbutthesewereoftenlocatedininaccessiblethinlypopulatedareaswhichmadetransportationofgoodsdifficult. Whenthesteamenginewasinventeditsoonreplacedflowingwaterasasourceofpowernewfactoriessprangupinthecoalfields.Coalandoil--reserveofpoweralsoultimatelyderivedfromthesun--arenotalwaysfoundinaccessibleplacesbuttheyhavetheadvantageofbeingportable. Inthe20thcenturythesituationchangedandwateroncemorebecameavitalsourceofpower.Methodsweredevisedforproducingelectricityfromtheenergyofrivers.Oncetheinitialcapitalhasbeenrecoveredelectricityfromthissourceisusuallycheaperthanoilandcoalwhichareexpensivetoextractandtransport.Thegreatadvantageofhydroelectricpoweristhatnatureconstantlyrenewsthewaterthatprovidesthepower.Coalandoilarefuelsthatcanonlybeusedonce. Notallriversareidealforgeneratingelectricity.Asuitablerivermusthaveanadequateflowofwaterandideallythereshouldbeasteepfall.Asteepwaterfallisidealbecauseitconcentratestheenergyofgravityintoashortdistance.Theamountofwaterintherivermoreovershouldnotvarytoomuchfromseasontoseason.Thismeansthattheremustbeadequaterainfallthroughouttheyear.Therivermustbefairlyneartheindustrialcenterswhichwillutilizeitspowerforthegreaterthedistancetheelectricityhastotravelthemorepoweriswasted. Waterfallscanbeconstructedorenlargedbyengineers.Thisisdonebyalteringtheslopeorlevelofriversatcertainplacesinordertoconcentrateaheavyfallofwateratachosenlocation.Anartificialwaterfallthusobtainedisusuallyregulatedbyadam.ProjectsofthiskindharnessingtheflowofriversareinprocessofconstructioninEgyptAustraliaandmanyothercountries. Japanisacountrythatreliesonhydroelectricpower.Heravailablecoalresourcesprovedinadequateforherindustrialdevelopmentandshewasobligedtoimportfueltodrivemachinery.ButJapanisamountainouscountrywithabundantrainfallandadenseconcentrationofpopulationshehasdevelopedherresourcesofhydroelectricitytoagreaterextentthanotherAsiancountries. WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 6
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________ Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________ Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________ Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________ Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________ Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected 44
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 16
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. TheviewpointoftheEPAis
Text4 Inmodernindustrywaterfulfillsseveralessentialfunctions.Itisusedasarawmaterialinmanyprocesses;itisessentialforcoolingmachinery;itprovidessteamforengineswhichconsumecoalanditisoneofthemostimportantsourcesofpower. Asasourceofpowerwaterisvirtuallyinexhaustible.Itspowerisultimatelyderivedfromtheforceofgravityandfromthesun.Itisthesun’senergythatwarmstheseaandthelandandcauseswatertoevaporateintotheair;laterthemoistureintheaircondensesandfallsintheformofrainorsnow.Muchofthewaterthatfallsonthelandflowsbacktothesea.Thedownwardflowofthewaterexertsconsiderablepressureanditisatthispointinthewatercyclethatwecancapturesomeofitspower. Theearliestmethodofexploitingthispowerwastomakewaterturnawheel.Thissysteminwhichtheforceofwaterwasuseddirectlyhadonegreatdisadvantage.Factorieswhichusedithadtobebuiltonthebanksoffastflowingstreamsbutthesewereoftenlocatedininaccessiblethinlypopulatedareaswhichmadetransportationofgoodsdifficult. Whenthesteamenginewasinventeditsoonreplacedflowingwaterasasourceofpowernewfactoriessprangupinthecoalfields.Coalandoil--reserveofpoweralsoultimatelyderivedfromthesun--arenotalwaysfoundinaccessibleplacesbuttheyhavetheadvantageofbeingportable. Inthe20thcenturythesituationchangedandwateroncemorebecameavitalsourceofpower.Methodsweredevisedforproducingelectricityfromtheenergyofrivers.Oncetheinitialcapitalhasbeenrecoveredelectricityfromthissourceisusuallycheaperthanoilandcoalwhichareexpensivetoextractandtransport.Thegreatadvantageofhydroelectricpoweristhatnatureconstantlyrenewsthewaterthatprovidesthepower.Coalandoilarefuelsthatcanonlybeusedonce. Notallriversareidealforgeneratingelectricity.Asuitablerivermusthaveanadequateflowofwaterandideallythereshouldbeasteepfall.Asteepwaterfallisidealbecauseitconcentratestheenergyofgravityintoashortdistance.Theamountofwaterintherivermoreovershouldnotvarytoomuchfromseasontoseason.Thismeansthattheremustbeadequaterainfallthroughouttheyear.Therivermustbefairlyneartheindustrialcenterswhichwillutilizeitspowerforthegreaterthedistancetheelectricityhastotravelthemorepoweriswasted. Waterfallscanbeconstructedorenlargedbyengineers.Thisisdonebyalteringtheslopeorlevelofriversatcertainplacesinordertoconcentrateaheavyfallofwateratachosenlocation.Anartificialwaterfallthusobtainedisusuallyregulatedbyadam.ProjectsofthiskindharnessingtheflowofriversareinprocessofconstructioninEgyptAustraliaandmanyothercountries. Japanisacountrythatreliesonhydroelectricpower.Heravailablecoalresourcesprovedinadequateforherindustrialdevelopmentandshewasobligedtoimportfueltodrivemachinery.ButJapanisamountainouscountrywithabundantrainfallandadenseconcentrationofpopulationshehasdevelopedherresourcesofhydroelectricitytoagreaterextentthanotherAsiancountries. WhichofthefollowingstatementcanNOTbedrawnfromtheinformationgiveninparA．8
PartB Directions: A.Title:Marriageonthecampus B.Timelimit:30minutes C.Wordlist:120～150words D.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow. E.YourcompositionshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.20points 3.Yourownviewpoints.
Text4 Inmodernindustrywaterfulfillsseveralessentialfunctions.Itisusedasarawmaterialinmanyprocesses;itisessentialforcoolingmachinery;itprovidessteamforengineswhichconsumecoalanditisoneofthemostimportantsourcesofpower. Asasourceofpowerwaterisvirtuallyinexhaustible.Itspowerisultimatelyderivedfromtheforceofgravityandfromthesun.Itisthesun’senergythatwarmstheseaandthelandandcauseswatertoevaporateintotheair;laterthemoistureintheaircondensesandfallsintheformofrainorsnow.Muchofthewaterthatfallsonthelandflowsbacktothesea.Thedownwardflowofthewaterexertsconsiderablepressureanditisatthispointinthewatercyclethatwecancapturesomeofitspower. Theearliestmethodofexploitingthispowerwastomakewaterturnawheel.Thissysteminwhichtheforceofwaterwasuseddirectlyhadonegreatdisadvantage.Factorieswhichusedithadtobebuiltonthebanksoffastflowingstreamsbutthesewereoftenlocatedininaccessiblethinlypopulatedareaswhichmadetransportationofgoodsdifficult. Whenthesteamenginewasinventeditsoonreplacedflowingwaterasasourceofpowernewfactoriessprangupinthecoalfields.Coalandoil--reserveofpoweralsoultimatelyderivedfromthesun--arenotalwaysfoundinaccessibleplacesbuttheyhavetheadvantageofbeingportable. Inthe20thcenturythesituationchangedandwateroncemorebecameavitalsourceofpower.Methodsweredevisedforproducingelectricityfromtheenergyofrivers.Oncetheinitialcapitalhasbeenrecoveredelectricityfromthissourceisusuallycheaperthanoilandcoalwhichareexpensivetoextractandtransport.Thegreatadvantageofhydroelectricpoweristhatnatureconstantlyrenewsthewaterthatprovidesthepower.Coalandoilarefuelsthatcanonlybeusedonce. Notallriversareidealforgeneratingelectricity.Asuitablerivermusthaveanadequateflowofwaterandideallythereshouldbeasteepfall.Asteepwaterfallisidealbecauseitconcentratestheenergyofgravityintoashortdistance.Theamountofwaterintherivermoreovershouldnotvarytoomuchfromseasontoseason.Thismeansthattheremustbeadequaterainfallthroughouttheyear.Therivermustbefairlyneartheindustrialcenterswhichwillutilizeitspowerforthegreaterthedistancetheelectricityhastotravelthemorepoweriswasted. Waterfallscanbeconstructedorenlargedbyengineers.Thisisdonebyalteringtheslopeorlevelofriversatcertainplacesinordertoconcentrateaheavyfallofwateratachosenlocation.Anartificialwaterfallthusobtainedisusuallyregulatedbyadam.ProjectsofthiskindharnessingtheflowofriversareinprocessofconstructioninEgyptAustraliaandmanyothercountries. Japanisacountrythatreliesonhydroelectricpower.Heravailablecoalresourcesprovedinadequateforherindustrialdevelopmentandshewasobligedtoimportfueltodrivemachinery.ButJapanisamountainouscountrywithabundantrainfallandadenseconcentrationofpopulationshehasdevelopedherresourcesofhydroelectricitytoagreaterextentthanotherAsiancountries. Accordingtoparagraphs6and7whichismostfundamentalinproducinghydroelectricpower
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 4
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 14
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydofasterreadingthedifferentarguments
Text3 SinceUSAIDbeganitsfirstHIV/AIDSpreventioneffortseightyearsagotheepidemichaschangeddramatically.HIVhasspreadtoeveryregionoftheworld.MillionsofpeopleinfectedwithHIVduringthefirstdecadeoftheepidemicaredevelopingopportunisticinfectionsandotherAIDS-relatedillnessesandmanyaredying.WomenandchildrenareamongthosemostvulnerabletoHIVinfection.AsHIVprevalenceandAIDSmortalitysoarmillionsofchildrenwilllosetheirparents. HIV/AIDSishavingadevastatingimpactonthehealthandwell-beingoffamiliescommunitiesandnationsworldwide.Theepidemic’seffectsonthestructureofsocietiesandtheproductivityoftheirmembersundermineeffortstopromotesustainabledevelopmentaroundtheglobe.USAID’sapproachtoslowingthespreadofHIV/AIDSreliesonstrategiestestedandrefinedoverthepasteightyears.AtthesametimetheAgencyismovingforwardtoaddressnewchallengesposedbytheevolvingepidemic. OneoftheimportantlessonslearnedduringthepastdecadeisthataneffectiveresponsetoHIV/AIDSrequiresthefullparticipationofpeopleandcommunitiesaffectedbythevirus.AlthoughpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSareamongthemostsuccessfuladvocatesandcommunicatorsforpreventiontoooftentheirvoicesarenotheardorheeded.GreaterinvolvementofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSisessentialtocreatingthesupportivepoliticallegalandsocialenvironmentsneededtocontroltheepidemic.InDecember1994attheParisAIDSSummitrepresentativesof42governmentsadoptedaresolutionpledginggreatersupportfornetworksofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS.BeforeandduringthesummitmembersofthesenetworksworkedwithgovernmentandmultilateralorganizationsincludingUSAIDtodevelopaplanfortranslatingthewordsoftheresolutionintoconcreteaction.TheAgencyiscommittedtoensuringthatpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSareacceptedinfullpartnershipwithgovernmentsinternationalorganizationsandtheprivatesectorindevelopingimplementingandevaluatingHIV/AIDSpoliciesandprograms. PeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSandcommunity-basedorganizationshavebeenattheforefrontofeffortstodrawattentiontotheconnectionbetweencompassionateAIDScareandeffectiveHIVprevention.IntheabsenceofavaccineorcureUSAIDcontinuestoemphasizeHIV/AIDSprevention.ButasthenumberofpeoplesufferingfromAIDS-relatedillnessbeginstoincreasedramaticallytheAgencyisalsoexploringwaystoreducethesocialimpactofAIDSandenhancepreventioneffortsbyintegratingpreventionandcare. TheAgencywillalsocontinuetopioneerregionalapproachestoanepidemicthatdoesnotrecognizenationalboundaries.Cross-borderinterventionsthroughouttheworldwilltargetmobilepopulationsincludingmigrantworkerstouriststraderstransportworkersandpeopledisplacedbywarandsocialdisruption. InparA．7theauthor
Text3 Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarders. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. ThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany/Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20%to30%morethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetime-consumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainst"captive"shippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace"asksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Many"captive"shippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionhidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillMany"captive"shippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry
Text1 Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation. Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries. Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework. Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood. Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Freeeducationforallisnotenoughbecause
Text3 Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarders. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. ThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany/Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20%to30%morethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetime-consumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainst"captive"shippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace"asksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Many"captive"shippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionhidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillMany"captive"shippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that
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