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Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire—itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess—toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedot-comersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslifechangingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whatissuggestedinthefirstsentence
已知平面∏x+2y-z+1=0曲面z=xy上点P处的法线与平面∏垂直则点P的坐标为
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutnaturalselection.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________ Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________ Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________ Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________ Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________ Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 42
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.R adiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweaponstestfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160—200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Firstdescribethepictureinterpretitsmeaningand 2Giveyourcomments.
过直线且垂直平面∏4x-y+z=1的平面方程为______直线L在平面∏上的投影直线方程为______．
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelbeswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally’sperspectivesare
设直线L平行于平面3x+2y-z+5=0且与直线Hx=3+2ty=-2+4tz=t垂直则直线L的方向余弦为______．
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelbeswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKeytheloverofhiswife
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.R adiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweaponstestfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.
设直线在平面z=1上的投影为直线L则点121到直线L的距离d=______．
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears—islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink—andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedto
直线的最短距离d=______．
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire—itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess—toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedot-comersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslifechangingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
求垂直于平面∏x-y+z=0且通过直线的平面方程．
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire—itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess—toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedot-comersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslifechangingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-ups
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears—islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink—andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Accordingtotheauthorthenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapis
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.R adiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweaponstestfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.
没有直线L:和曲面z=x2-y22+z2在点111处的切平面∏则直线L与平面∏的位置关系是
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutnaturalselection.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________ Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________ Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________ Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________ Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________ Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 44
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinallembracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinallembracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Aspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits
求通过点12-1且与直线垂直的平面方程．
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinallembracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Whichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetext
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
求过点121且与直线平行的平面方程．
直线绕x轴旋转一周所得旋转曲面的方程______．
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