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在英语学习中学习单词ball球再学习football足球这属于
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SeenfromthisperspectivetheswingingsinglescomplexesthatattractedsomuchgossipafewyearslaterareanelaborationontheSunCityconcept—theclusteringtogetherofpeopleofsimilaragesoroutlooks.
Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
TextB InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge----theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreatgrowthindustryitisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthanthoseofteaching. AccordingtothepassageoneofthecausesforthedifficultiesofAmericanhighereducationisthat_________.
TEXTA Intoday’ssocietywearenowseeingmorechildrenundertheageoftwelvedevelopingeatingdisorders.Itisestimatedthat40%ofnineyearoldshavealreadydietedandwearebeginningtoseefourandfiveyearoldsexpressingtheneedtodiet.It’sashamethatchildrensoyoungarebeingrobbedoftheirchildhoods.WhyisitthatsomanyyoungchildrenarebecomingobsessedwithdietingandtheirweightIfeelthefamilyenvironmenthasalottodowithitalongwiththefactthatchildrenareconstantlybeingexposedtothemessagesocietygivesabouttheimportanceofbeingthin. Childrenraisedinadysfunctionalfamilyareatahigherriskfordevelopinganeatingdisorder.Inahomewherephysicalorsexualabuseistakingplacethechildmayturntoaneatingdisordertogainasenseofcontrol.Iftheycan’tcontrolwhatishappeningtotheirbodiesduringtheabusetheycancontroltheirfoodintakeortheirweight.Selfimposedstarvationmayalsobetheirwayoftryingtodisappearsotheynolongerhavetosufferthroughtheabuse. Childrenmayalsodevelopeatingdisordersasawayofdealingwiththemanyemotionsthattheyfeelespeciallyiftheyareraisedinahomethatdoesnotallowfeelingstobeexpressed.Childrenwhoarecompulsiveeatersareusuallyusingfoodtohelpthemdealwithfeelingsofangersadnesshurtlonelinessabandonmentfearandpain.Ifchildrenarenotallowedtoexpresstheiremotionstheymaybecomeemotionaleaters.Alsoifparentsaretooinvolvedintheirownproblemsthechildmayturntofoodforcomfort. Childrenareatariskfordevelopinganeatingdisorderiftheparentsthemselvesaretoopreoccupiedwithappearanceandweight.Iftheparentsareconstantlydietingandexpressingdisliketowardstheirownbodiesthechildwillreceivethemessagethatappearanceisveryimportant.Insomefamiliestheparentsmistakebabyfatforactualfatandmaytrytoimposeadietonthechild.Notonlyisthatnotrightit’scruel. Asparentsyouneedtosetagoodexampleforyourchildrenwhichmeansthatyouyourselfshouldbeinvolvedinhealthyeatingpatterns.Anotherthingtorememberaboutchildrenisthattheyeatwhentheyarehungryandtheystopwhentheyarefull.Neverforceachildtoeatiftheydon’twantto.Toomanyfamiliesstillforcechildrentoremainatthetableuntiltheyhaveeateneverythingontheirplate.Doingthatcouldcausethechildtohatemealtimesanddevelopanunhealthyattitudetowardsfood. Exerciseisalsoanimportantpartofeveryone’slifeandweneedtohelpourchildrenbecomeinvolvedinphysicalactivitywhichmeanstheparentsthemselvesshouldparticipateinhealthyexercise.Helpthechildtofindactivitiestheyenjoyandactivitiesthewholefamilycanenjoy.Theyshouldbetaughtthatphysicalactivityisimportantinmaintainingastrongandhealthybodybuttheyshouldnotbegiventhemessagethatexerciseisimportantinmaintainingaslimfigure. Whatkindofmessagedoesthesocietygivetothechildrenwhoarebecomingobsessedwithdietingandtheirweight
Thedecisiontobuildanucleardisposalcentrehastriggeredoffagreatdealofprotestfromlocalresidents.aprofusionof
Text4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenestheyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrulesmoanthebankshaveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunatelybanks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowablebuttheindependenceofstandard-settersessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarketsisbeingcompromised.Andunlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyersrevivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongressAmerica’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerztheFASB’schairmancriedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanningbutthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevyaEuropeancommissionerwarnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealword”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanetwithaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelossesbecausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglossesyetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagainlossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythatcleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensionsforexampleagainsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions. AccordingtotheauthortherulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
Text4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenestheyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrulesmoanthebankshaveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunatelybanks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowablebuttheindependenceofstandard-settersessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarketsisbeingcompromised.Andunlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyersrevivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongressAmerica’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerztheFASB’schairmancriedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanningbutthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevyaEuropeancommissionerwarnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealword”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanetwithaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelossesbecausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglossesyetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagainlossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythatcleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensionsforexampleagainsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions. Theauthorthinksthebankswereonthewrongplanetinthatthey
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative. [B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commercewithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed. [C]WillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold. [D]Allinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscaleexistinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductrangeslogisticsandmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo. [E]Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—FranceGermanyItalyandSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEurope’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermasktwoopposingtrends. [F]Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate. [G]HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. 41→42→43→44→E→45 41
Text3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall“globalcascades”–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbutratherofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeopleeachofwhomadoptssayalookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocallyheorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction. BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto
Text2Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis“averybigdeal”saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleC.wegnerapartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase
Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegritytheyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthemtheevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet47butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthless”species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops49InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats. butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.
Text2Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis“averybigdeal”saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleC.wegnerapartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
TEXTA Intoday’ssocietywearenowseeingmorechildrenundertheageoftwelvedevelopingeatingdisorders.Itisestimatedthat40%ofnineyearoldshavealreadydietedandwearebeginningtoseefourandfiveyearoldsexpressingtheneedtodiet.It’sashamethatchildrensoyoungarebeingrobbedoftheirchildhoods.WhyisitthatsomanyyoungchildrenarebecomingobsessedwithdietingandtheirweightIfeelthefamilyenvironmenthasalottodowithitalongwiththefactthatchildrenareconstantlybeingexposedtothemessagesocietygivesabouttheimportanceofbeingthin. Childrenraisedinadysfunctionalfamilyareatahigherriskfordevelopinganeatingdisorder.Inahomewherephysicalorsexualabuseistakingplacethechildmayturntoaneatingdisordertogainasenseofcontrol.Iftheycan’tcontrolwhatishappeningtotheirbodiesduringtheabusetheycancontroltheirfoodintakeortheirweight.Selfimposedstarvationmayalsobetheirwayoftryingtodisappearsotheynolongerhavetosufferthroughtheabuse. Childrenmayalsodevelopeatingdisordersasawayofdealingwiththemanyemotionsthattheyfeelespeciallyiftheyareraisedinahomethatdoesnotallowfeelingstobeexpressed.Childrenwhoarecompulsiveeatersareusuallyusingfoodtohelpthemdealwithfeelingsofangersadnesshurtlonelinessabandonmentfearandpain.Ifchildrenarenotallowedtoexpresstheiremotionstheymaybecomeemotionaleaters.Alsoifparentsaretooinvolvedintheirownproblemsthechildmayturntofoodforcomfort. Childrenareatariskfordevelopinganeatingdisorderiftheparentsthemselvesaretoopreoccupiedwithappearanceandweight.Iftheparentsareconstantlydietingandexpressingdisliketowardstheirownbodiesthechildwillreceivethemessagethatappearanceisveryimportant.Insomefamiliestheparentsmistakebabyfatforactualfatandmaytrytoimposeadietonthechild.Notonlyisthatnotrightit’scruel. Asparentsyouneedtosetagoodexampleforyourchildrenwhichmeansthatyouyourselfshouldbeinvolvedinhealthyeatingpatterns.Anotherthingtorememberaboutchildrenisthattheyeatwhentheyarehungryandtheystopwhentheyarefull.Neverforceachildtoeatiftheydon’twantto.Toomanyfamiliesstillforcechildrentoremainatthetableuntiltheyhaveeateneverythingontheirplate.Doingthatcouldcausethechildtohatemealtimesanddevelopanunhealthyattitudetowardsfood. Exerciseisalsoanimportantpartofeveryone’slifeandweneedtohelpourchildrenbecomeinvolvedinphysicalactivitywhichmeanstheparentsthemselvesshouldparticipateinhealthyexercise.Helpthechildtofindactivitiestheyenjoyandactivitiesthewholefamilycanenjoy.Theyshouldbetaughtthatphysicalactivityisimportantinmaintainingastrongandhealthybodybuttheyshouldnotbegiventhemessagethatexerciseisimportantinmaintainingaslimfigure. Whichofthefollowingisthesuggestionthattheauthorgivestotheparents
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative. [B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commercewithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed. [C]WillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold. [D]Allinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscaleexistinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductrangeslogisticsandmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo. [E]Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—FranceGermanyItalyandSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEurope’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermasktwoopposingtrends. [F]Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate. [G]HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. 41→42→43→44→E→45 45
Directions: Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalizationyoushouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative. Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“postgraduateassociation”instead. 以研究生会的名义写一封通知通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者这个通知必须包aa括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息写100个字左右不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字用“Postgraduates’Association”代替审题谋篇本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文“通知”的目的在于督促对方参加活动具体来讲是招募志愿者结构上只需写题目正文署名以及时间即可语言上语言应直截了当简洁明了可适当使用被动句表达内容上题目要求写招募职位以及相关信息关于职位可写涉及前台接待会场指引乘车指引英文翻译等服务的岗位此外还可以对志愿者提出要求志愿者应该工作认真负责积极主动具有团队合作精神的另外还需要沟通能力强具有较好的英语口语和听力水平等其他相关信息可以提及会议时间地点将怎样安排志愿者等
Howtoreformthecountry’seducationalsystemhasbasicallybecomeasocialandpoliticalproblem.inessence
Thepowertoproducegreatartisveryoftenthoughbynomeansalwaysassociatedwithatemperamentalunhappinesssogreatthatbutforthejoywhichtheartistderivesfromhisworkhewouldbedriventosuicide.
Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegritytheyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthemtheevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet47butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthless”species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops49InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats. InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason.
Thesuccessfulreleaseofherdebutalbumgavethesingermuchconfidenceandencouragedhertoachievemore.propelsomebodytodo
Text3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall“globalcascades”–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbutratherofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeopleeachofwhomadoptssayalookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocallyheorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction. whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat
Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity WhichofthefollowingwouldshawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon
Text3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall“globalcascades”–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbutratherofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeopleeachofwhomadoptssayalookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocallyheorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction. whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative. [B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commercewithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed. [C]WillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold. [D]Allinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscaleexistinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductrangeslogisticsandmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo. [E]Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—FranceGermanyItalyandSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEurope’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermasktwoopposingtrends. [F]Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate. [G]HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. 41→42→43→44→E→45 43
Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
TEXTA Intoday’ssocietywearenowseeingmorechildrenundertheageoftwelvedevelopingeatingdisorders.Itisestimatedthat40%ofnineyearoldshavealreadydietedandwearebeginningtoseefourandfiveyearoldsexpressingtheneedtodiet.It’sashamethatchildrensoyoungarebeingrobbedoftheirchildhoods.WhyisitthatsomanyyoungchildrenarebecomingobsessedwithdietingandtheirweightIfeelthefamilyenvironmenthasalottodowithitalongwiththefactthatchildrenareconstantlybeingexposedtothemessagesocietygivesabouttheimportanceofbeingthin. Childrenraisedinadysfunctionalfamilyareatahigherriskfordevelopinganeatingdisorder.Inahomewherephysicalorsexualabuseistakingplacethechildmayturntoaneatingdisordertogainasenseofcontrol.Iftheycan’tcontrolwhatishappeningtotheirbodiesduringtheabusetheycancontroltheirfoodintakeortheirweight.Selfimposedstarvationmayalsobetheirwayoftryingtodisappearsotheynolongerhavetosufferthroughtheabuse. Childrenmayalsodevelopeatingdisordersasawayofdealingwiththemanyemotionsthattheyfeelespeciallyiftheyareraisedinahomethatdoesnotallowfeelingstobeexpressed.Childrenwhoarecompulsiveeatersareusuallyusingfoodtohelpthemdealwithfeelingsofangersadnesshurtlonelinessabandonmentfearandpain.Ifchildrenarenotallowedtoexpresstheiremotionstheymaybecomeemotionaleaters.Alsoifparentsaretooinvolvedintheirownproblemsthechildmayturntofoodforcomfort. Childrenareatariskfordevelopinganeatingdisorderiftheparentsthemselvesaretoopreoccupiedwithappearanceandweight.Iftheparentsareconstantlydietingandexpressingdisliketowardstheirownbodiesthechildwillreceivethemessagethatappearanceisveryimportant.Insomefamiliestheparentsmistakebabyfatforactualfatandmaytrytoimposeadietonthechild.Notonlyisthatnotrightit’scruel. Asparentsyouneedtosetagoodexampleforyourchildrenwhichmeansthatyouyourselfshouldbeinvolvedinhealthyeatingpatterns.Anotherthingtorememberaboutchildrenisthattheyeatwhentheyarehungryandtheystopwhentheyarefull.Neverforceachildtoeatiftheydon’twantto.Toomanyfamiliesstillforcechildrentoremainatthetableuntiltheyhaveeateneverythingontheirplate.Doingthatcouldcausethechildtohatemealtimesanddevelopanunhealthyattitudetowardsfood. Exerciseisalsoanimportantpartofeveryone’slifeandweneedtohelpourchildrenbecomeinvolvedinphysicalactivitywhichmeanstheparentsthemselvesshouldparticipateinhealthyexercise.Helpthechildtofindactivitiestheyenjoyandactivitiesthewholefamilycanenjoy.Theyshouldbetaughtthatphysicalactivityisimportantinmaintainingastrongandhealthybodybuttheyshouldnotbegiventhemessagethatexerciseisimportantinmaintainingaslimfigure. Thepassagemainlytalksabout__________.
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