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柑桔的叶是
单叶
掌状复叶
单身复叶
叶轴顶端只有一片发达的小叶侧生小叶退化作翼翅状附着于叶轴的两侧使 整个外形看起来好像是-单叶称为
一回羽状复叶
单身复叶
羽状复叶
三出复叶
掌状复叶
大豆的叶属于
掌状复叶
三出复叶
单叶
单身复叶
桂花的叶是
单叶
掌状复叶
单身复叶
羽状复叶
叶轴顶部只具一片小叶的羽状复叶其侧生小叶可互生或对生如槐蔷薇的叶为
偶数羽状复叶
单身复叶
奇数羽状复叶
三出复叶
掌状复叶
下列对小叶榕叶的描述正确的是
叶交互对生
羽状复叶
单身复叶
完全叶
合欢含羞草的叶为
奇数羽状复叶
偶数羽状复叶
二回羽状复叶
三回羽状复叶
单身复叶
下列对豌豆叶的描述正确的是
单叶
掌状复叶
单身复叶
羽状复叶
七叶树的叶属于
羽状复叶
掌状复叶
三出复叶
单身复叶
红花酢浆草的叶属于______
羽状复叶
掌状复叶
三出复叶
单身复叶
重阳木属植物的叶是
单叶
单生复叶
羽状复叶
三出复叶
酢浆草的叶为
掌状复叶
单身复叶
掌状三出复叶
羽状复叶
羽状三出复叶
单叶和复叶
叶有单叶和复叶之分
大豆的叶是
三出复叶
掌状复叶
单身复叶
羽状复叶
蕨类植物的明显特征是
拳卷的幼叶、复叶和根状茎
拳卷的幼叶、单叶和根状茎
伸展的幼叶、复叶和葡萄茎
伸展的幼叶、单叶和根状茎
外形像单叶但两个侧生小叶退化成翅状总叶柄与顶生小叶连接处有关节的复叶称为______
羽状复叶
三出复叶
掌状复叶
单身复叶
橘橙柚等植物的叶为典型的单身复叶
橘CitrusreticulataBlanco的叶为
单叶
羽状复叶
单身复叶
掌状复叶
三出复叶
桃的叶是单叶大豆的叶是三出复叶花生的叶是羽状复叶鸡爪槭的叶是掌状复叶 柚的叶为单身复叶
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Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
简要说明市场失灵原因及其对策
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperworkandgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. BesidesdealingwithbordersecuritytheINSalso
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. 2 41._________________. 3CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioM01inatwoofthisyear’sNobel-prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes. 4IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandbringdisasterstoenvironment. 5Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances. 6 42._________________. 7NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." 8EventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglerswhohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingorrechargingoldappliances. 9 43._________________. 10DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime. 11ItisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechangeWastegasessuchascarbondioxideMethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. 12 44._________________. 13TheencouragingprecedentistheMontrealProtocolforozoneprotectionwhichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhentheyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappearitwillbepartlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheycanmakeaprofitbysellingsaferreplacements. 14 45._________________. 15Ifthathappensthenallnationsfromtherichtothepoormayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey’vepollutedit:pureeconomicself-interest. [A]SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate." [B]Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. [C]Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsofeffortmanufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsofmoreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrivethepricedowntocompetitivelevels. [D]YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists. [E]Lastyearalone20000tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.--mostlyfromIndiawherethecompoundsarelessrestricted. [F]Untilrecentlylaggardgovernmentscouldtoscientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstartedbutthatexcuseiswearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedforthefirsttimethatwarminghasindeedbegun. [G]Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomaygalvanizetheworld’sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexamplethoughit’snowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehavetobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming. 43
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.A nawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinal-yearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment. Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks.
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform. SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." WhichofthefollowingcanbestapplytothecurrentpoliticalsystemsinJapan
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. 2 41._________________. 3CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioM01inatwoofthisyear’sNobel-prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes. 4IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandbringdisasterstoenvironment. 5Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances. 6 42._________________. 7NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." 8EventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglerswhohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingorrechargingoldappliances. 9 43._________________. 10DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime. 11ItisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechangeWastegasessuchascarbondioxideMethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. 12 44._________________. 13TheencouragingprecedentistheMontrealProtocolforozoneprotectionwhichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhentheyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappearitwillbepartlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheycanmakeaprofitbysellingsaferreplacements. 14 45._________________. 15Ifthathappensthenallnationsfromtherichtothepoormayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey’vepollutedit:pureeconomicself-interest. [A]SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate." [B]Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. [C]Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsofeffortmanufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsofmoreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrivethepricedowntocompetitivelevels. [D]YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists. [E]Lastyearalone20000tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.--mostlyfromIndiawherethecompoundsarelessrestricted. [F]Untilrecentlylaggardgovernmentscouldtoscientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstartedbutthatexcuseiswearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedforthefirsttimethatwarminghasindeedbegun. [G]Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomaygalvanizetheworld’sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexamplethoughit’snowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehavetobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming. 45
假设某市场由个人1和个人2组成他们对商品X的需求函数分别为 1求商品X的市场需求函数 2计算对商品X的市场需求价格弹性和需求交叉弹性
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperworkandgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheINS
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Theauthorcriticizesthosewhoarebarkingupthewrongtreefortheir
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. 2 41._________________. 3CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioM01inatwoofthisyear’sNobel-prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes. 4IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandbringdisasterstoenvironment. 5Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances. 6 42._________________. 7NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." 8EventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglerswhohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingorrechargingoldappliances. 9 43._________________. 10DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime. 11ItisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechangeWastegasessuchascarbondioxideMethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. 12 44._________________. 13TheencouragingprecedentistheMontrealProtocolforozoneprotectionwhichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhentheyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappearitwillbepartlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheycanmakeaprofitbysellingsaferreplacements. 14 45._________________. 15Ifthathappensthenallnationsfromtherichtothepoormayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey’vepollutedit:pureeconomicself-interest. [A]SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate." [B]Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. [C]Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsofeffortmanufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsofmoreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrivethepricedowntocompetitivelevels. [D]YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists. [E]Lastyearalone20000tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.--mostlyfromIndiawherethecompoundsarelessrestricted. [F]Untilrecentlylaggardgovernmentscouldtoscientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstartedbutthatexcuseiswearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedforthefirsttimethatwarminghasindeedbegun. [G]Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomaygalvanizetheworld’sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexamplethoughit’snowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehavetobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming. 41
Directions: Youhaveacloseforeignfriend.HeaskedyoutosubscribetoacopyofChinaDailyforhimbecausehewillleaveawayfromChinaforonemonth.Nowwritealettertothecirculationdepartmentofthenewspaper: 1inquiryaboutdetailedinformation 2andexpressingcomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.A nawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinal-yearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment. Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
某完全竞争市场中一个小企业的产品单价是640美元其成本函数为TC=2400-20Q2+Q3求1利润最大化时的产量此产量的单位平均成本总利润2假定这个企业在该行业中具有代表性试问这一行业是否处于长期均衡状态为什么
为体现资产阶级民主精神南京临时政府教育部明确规定中小学校课程中必须
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform. SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." AsregardsthepoliticalreformsinJapantheauthorfocusesonits
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto＄50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$5OmandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. ThewordvehiclePara.5denotes
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto＄50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$5OmandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatairlines’warandterroristrisk
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto＄50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$5OmandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. ByterroristriskbecamethepariahofperilsParagraph1theauthormeans
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16.Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform. SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Whatisrealists’attitudetowardsthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower
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