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Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, ...
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Text4 Increasinglyhistoriansareblaming diseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthegreatdisparitybetweenthenative populationofAmericain1492--newestimatesofwhichjumpashighas100 millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime--andthefew millionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenth century.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorinthe sharpdeclineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemic diseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soilepidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehad nopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandaretherefore immunologicallyalmostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantin Americanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerous maladies--smallpoxmeaslesmalariayellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveral more--wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.Theeffectsoftheirsudden introductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontain reportsofhorribleepidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmany casesbyquantitativeanalyzesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.The evidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotas definitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanent settlementsandbegantokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventeenthcentury bywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.Furthermore theBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthantoenslave themastheSpaniardsdid;sothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurred beyondtherangeofcolonists’directobservation.Evensothe survivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemics amongthenativepopulation.In1616--1619anepidemicpossiblyofpneumonic plaguesweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoften.During the1630’ssmallpoxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeople eliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe 1820’sfeverruinedthepeopleoftheColumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutof tenofthem.Unfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandother epidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplement whatlittlewedeknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNative Americans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmerican inhabitantsofUngavaBayQuebecaffected99percentofthepopulationand killed7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Cases suchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhave destroyingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenseless community.Notes:disparity差距virgin-soil处女地malady疾病 chronicle编年史tribute贡品pneumonicplague肺鼠疫confederation同盟smallpox 天花measles麻疹Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
Byusingtheexpressionpumpprimingasadescriptionofpublicworksprojectstheauthorimpliesthatit______
Directions: InthispartyouarerequiredtowriteanessayonSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY--ABLESSINGORACURSE Youressayshouldbebasedontheinformationgivenbelow: 科学技术的发展使我们的生活发生了巨大的变化请具体说明这些积极变化另一方面科技的发展也引起了许多麻烦请举例说明最后请你谈谈为解决这问题人类所面临的任务 Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthen translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Manfirstappearedontheearthabout2millionyearsago. Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageover theanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentin animalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhis fellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowed mentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasingle personcouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speech alsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthe stockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecial abilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestrugglefor existence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwith brighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlinga lightwithanarelampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnaked eyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweak fortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntil nowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclear power.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonder anddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.At lasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Now hecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceanda seriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbefore mantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhat itisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandno downward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethe difficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyin spiteofhavingno.thickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarly strongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefar outsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat______
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthen translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Manfirstappearedontheearthabout2millionyearsago. Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageover theanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentin animalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhis fellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowed mentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasingle personcouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speech alsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthe stockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecial abilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestrugglefor existence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwith brighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlinga lightwithanarelampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnaked eyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweak fortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntil nowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclear power.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonder anddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.At lasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Now hecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceanda seriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbefore mantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhat itisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandno downward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethe difficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyin spiteofhavingno.thickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarly strongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefar outsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext aboutmarket.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeach numberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered. Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1. [A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D] QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]Market ResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjob formationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfuel economicgrowthandprosperity.Inrecognitionoftheimportance ofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministration SBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessowners andaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnot succeedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarket foryourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyou decideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocess involvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakea briefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint. Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthis productorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitors providethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademand formyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyin pricequalityanddelivery—CanIpricemyproductorservice toassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthese preliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42. ______.Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarket becausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential. Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachesto yourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofit assumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketing activities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcritical short/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofit boundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocomplete thiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbe frustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionand analysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwill collectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhich tostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions..--Whoareyour customers--Wherearetheylocated--What aretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproduct essentialintheiroperationspractivities—Canthecustomer affordyourserviceorproduct—Wherecanyoucreateademand foryourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarket aredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyour serviceorproductarea44.______.Knowingyourmarket requiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’ socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinletting youknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefound in--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsand journals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowth trends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarket area.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationit willbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationis importantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancial projection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Market researchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--the peoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
ThewordliabilityLine4Para.1mostprobablymeans______
Bowman'sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopoliticsattractiveness______
Theauthorimpliesthat______
Thepassagemainlytalksabout______
AccordingtotheauthorAmericans'culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill______
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthen translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Manfirstappearedontheearthabout2millionyearsago. Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageover theanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentin animalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhis fellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowed mentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasingle personcouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speech alsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthe stockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecial abilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestrugglefor existence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwith brighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlinga lightwithanarelampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnaked eyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweak fortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntil nowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclear power.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonder anddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.At lasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Now hecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceanda seriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbefore mantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhat itisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandno downward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethe difficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyin spiteofhavingno.thickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarly strongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefar outsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably______
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext aboutmarket.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeach numberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered. Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1. [A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D] QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]Market ResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjob formationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfuel economicgrowthandprosperity.Inrecognitionoftheimportance ofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministration SBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessowners andaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnot succeedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarket foryourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyou decideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocess involvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakea briefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint. Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthis productorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitors providethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademand formyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyin pricequalityanddelivery—CanIpricemyproductorservice toassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthese preliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42. ______.Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarket becausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential. Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachesto yourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofit assumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketing activities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcritical short/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofit boundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocomplete thiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbe frustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionand analysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwill collectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhich tostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions..--Whoareyour customers--Wherearetheylocated--What aretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproduct essentialintheiroperationspractivities—Canthecustomer affordyourserviceorproduct—Wherecanyoucreateademand foryourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarket aredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyour serviceorproductarea44.______.Knowingyourmarket requiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’ socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinletting youknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefound in--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsand journals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowth trends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarket area.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationit willbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationis importantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancial projection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Market researchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--the peoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
Inthepassagetheauthorsuggeststhatthecounterculture______
Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethat______
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