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Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 2
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 42
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing 48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 8
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 16
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 20
46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.ButthetowerbecamethetowerofBabelaccordingtotheOldTestamentwhenthepeopleweresuddenlycausedtospeakdifferentlanguages.InmodernNewYorkCityanewtowerthatoftheUnitedNationsBuildingthrustsitsshiningmassskyward.47ButtherealizationoftheUN’saspirations—andwithitthehopesofthepeoplesoftheworld—isthreatenedbyourcontemporaryBabel:aboutthreethousanddifferentlanguagesarespokenthroughouttheworldtodaywithoutcountingthevariousdialectsthatconfoundcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofthesameland. InChinaforexamplehundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillageshavetroublepassingthetimeofdaywiththeinhabitantsofthenexttown.InthenewAfricanstateofGhanafivemillionpeoplespeakfiftydifferentdialects.InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespokenofwhichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.Toaddtotheconfusionastheoldestablishedempiresarebrokenupandnewstatesareformednewofficialtonguesspringupatanincreasingrate. InaworldmadesmallerbyjettravelmanisstillisolatedfrommanyofhisneighborsbytheBabelbarrierofmultiplyinglanguages.Communicationisblockeddailyinscoresofways.Travelersfinditdifficulttoknowthepeoplesofothernations.Scientistsareoftenunabletoreadandbenefitfromtheworkbeingcarriedonbymenofscienceinothercountries.48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped.EvenintheshiningnewtoweroftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkspeechesanddiscussionshavetobetranslatedandprintedinthefiveofficialUNlanguage—EnglishFrenchSpanishRussianandChinese.ConfusiondelaysuspicionandhardfeelingsaretheproductsofthediplomaticBabel. Thechancesforworldunityarelessenedifintheliteralsenseofthephrasewedonotspeakthesamelanguage.49Westandindireneedofacommontonguealanguagethatwouldcrossnationalbarriersonesimpleenoughtobeuniversallylearnedbytravelersbusinessmengovernmentrepresentativesscholarsandevenbychildrenatschool. Ofcoursethisisn’tanewidea.Justaseveryoneisagainstsinsoeveryoneisforacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.IproposethatwestopjusttalkingaboutitasMarkTwainsaidoftheweatheranddosomethingaboutit.Wemustmaketheconcertedmassiveeffortittakestoreachagreementontheadoptionofasinglecommonauxiliarytongue. 50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 6
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Accordingtothetextcooperativebodiesofcountrieshaveemerged
46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.ButthetowerbecamethetowerofBabelaccordingtotheOldTestamentwhenthepeopleweresuddenlycausedtospeakdifferentlanguages.InmodernNewYorkCityanewtowerthatoftheUnitedNationsBuildingthrustsitsshiningmassskyward.47ButtherealizationoftheUN’saspirations—andwithitthehopesofthepeoplesoftheworld—isthreatenedbyourcontemporaryBabel:aboutthreethousanddifferentlanguagesarespokenthroughouttheworldtodaywithoutcountingthevariousdialectsthatconfoundcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofthesameland. InChinaforexamplehundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillageshavetroublepassingthetimeofdaywiththeinhabitantsofthenexttown.InthenewAfricanstateofGhanafivemillionpeoplespeakfiftydifferentdialects.InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespokenofwhichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.Toaddtotheconfusionastheoldestablishedempiresarebrokenupandnewstatesareformednewofficialtonguesspringupatanincreasingrate. InaworldmadesmallerbyjettravelmanisstillisolatedfrommanyofhisneighborsbytheBabelbarrierofmultiplyinglanguages.Communicationisblockeddailyinscoresofways.Travelersfinditdifficulttoknowthepeoplesofothernations.Scientistsareoftenunabletoreadandbenefitfromtheworkbeingcarriedonbymenofscienceinothercountries.48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped.EvenintheshiningnewtoweroftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkspeechesanddiscussionshavetobetranslatedandprintedinthefiveofficialUNlanguage—EnglishFrenchSpanishRussianandChinese.ConfusiondelaysuspicionandhardfeelingsaretheproductsofthediplomaticBabel. Thechancesforworldunityarelessenedifintheliteralsenseofthephrasewedonotspeakthesamelanguage.49Westandindireneedofacommontonguealanguagethatwouldcrossnationalbarriersonesimpleenoughtobeuniversallylearnedbytravelersbusinessmengovernmentrepresentativesscholarsandevenbychildrenatschool. Ofcoursethisisn’tanewidea.Justaseveryoneisagainstsinsoeveryoneisforacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.IproposethatwestopjusttalkingaboutitasMarkTwainsaidoftheweatheranddosomethingaboutit.Wemustmaketheconcertedmassiveeffortittakestoreachagreementontheadoptionofasinglecommonauxiliarytongue. 46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.
46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.ButthetowerbecamethetowerofBabelaccordingtotheOldTestamentwhenthepeopleweresuddenlycausedtospeakdifferentlanguages.InmodernNewYorkCityanewtowerthatoftheUnitedNationsBuildingthrustsitsshiningmassskyward.47ButtherealizationoftheUN’saspirations—andwithitthehopesofthepeoplesoftheworld—isthreatenedbyourcontemporaryBabel:aboutthreethousanddifferentlanguagesarespokenthroughouttheworldtodaywithoutcountingthevariousdialectsthatconfoundcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofthesameland. InChinaforexamplehundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillageshavetroublepassingthetimeofdaywiththeinhabitantsofthenexttown.InthenewAfricanstateofGhanafivemillionpeoplespeakfiftydifferentdialects.InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespokenofwhichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.Toaddtotheconfusionastheoldestablishedempiresarebrokenupandnewstatesareformednewofficialtonguesspringupatanincreasingrate. InaworldmadesmallerbyjettravelmanisstillisolatedfrommanyofhisneighborsbytheBabelbarrierofmultiplyinglanguages.Communicationisblockeddailyinscoresofways.Travelersfinditdifficulttoknowthepeoplesofothernations.Scientistsareoftenunabletoreadandbenefitfromtheworkbeingcarriedonbymenofscienceinothercountries.48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped.EvenintheshiningnewtoweroftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkspeechesanddiscussionshavetobetranslatedandprintedinthefiveofficialUNlanguage—EnglishFrenchSpanishRussianandChinese.ConfusiondelaysuspicionandhardfeelingsaretheproductsofthediplomaticBabel. Thechancesforworldunityarelessenedifintheliteralsenseofthephrasewedonotspeakthesamelanguage.49Westandindireneedofacommontonguealanguagethatwouldcrossnationalbarriersonesimpleenoughtobeuniversallylearnedbytravelersbusinessmengovernmentrepresentativesscholarsandevenbychildrenatschool. Ofcoursethisisn’tanewidea.Justaseveryoneisagainstsinsoeveryoneisforacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.IproposethatwestopjusttalkingaboutitasMarkTwainsaidoftheweatheranddosomethingaboutit.Wemustmaketheconcertedmassiveeffortittakestoreachagreementontheadoptionofasinglecommonauxiliarytongue. 48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 10
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing 46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheauthorassertsthatindealingwithworldaffairstheU.Sshouldlearnto
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 44
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhatdidPresidentRoosevelthavetodowiththeUnitedNations
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 18
[A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionsintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"--themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace~ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.578words Notes:gaping是gape的现在分词gapevi.裂开nottoomuch一点也不多一点也不过分MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街纽约一条街道的名字美国主要广告公司公共关系事务所集中于此常用以表示此等公司之作风做法等MainStreet实利主义社会food-foraging觅食的millennium千年trend-maker=trend-setter领导新潮的人inthethroesof为……而苦干搏斗becaughtupin陷入goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生brain-drain高科技人才流动从欧洲到美洲 44
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 12
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. WelearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatwhatstrikesBush’sfatheristhat
Youreallydohavetowonderwhetherafewyearsfromnowwe’lllookbackatthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury—whenfoodpricesspikedenergypricessoaredworldpopulationsurgedtornadosplowedthroughcitiesfloodsanddroughtssetrecordspopulationsweredisplacedandgovernmentswerethreatenedbytheconfluenceofitall—andaskourselves.WhatwerewethinkingHowdidwenotpanicwhentheevidencewassoobviousthatwe’dcrossedsomegrowthclimatenaturalresourceandpopulationredlinesallatonce"Theonlyanswercanbedenial"arguesPaulGildinganAustralianenvironmentalistinanewbookcalledTheGreatDisruption."Whenyouaresurroundedbysomethingsobigthatrequiresyoutochangeeverythingaboutthewayyouthinkandseetheworldthendenialisthenaturalresponse.Butthelongerwewaitthebiggertheresponserequired." GildingcitestheworkoftheGlobalFootprintNetworkanallianceofscientistswhichcalculateshowmany"planetEarths"weneedtosustainourcurrentgrowthrates.G.F.N.measureshowmuchlandandwaterareaweneedtoproducetheresourcesweconsumeandabsorbourwasteusingprevailingtechnology.OnthewholesaysG.F.N.wearecurrentlygrowingataratethatisusinguptheEarth’sresourcesfarfasterthantheycanbesustainablyreplenishedsoweareeatingintothefuture. Thisisnotsciencefiction.Thisiswhathappenswhenoursystemofgrowthandthesystemofnaturehitthewallatonce.WearenowusingsomanyresourcesandputtingoutsomuchwasteintotheEarththatwehavereachedsomekindoflimitgivencurrenttechnologies.Theeconomyisgoingtohavetogetsmallerintermsofphysicalimpact. Wewillnotchangesystemsthoughwithoutacrisis.Butdon’tworrywe’regettingthere.We’recurrentlycaughtintwoloops:OneisthatmorepopulationgrowthandmoreglobalwarmingtogetherarepushingupfoodpricescausingpoliticalinstabilityintheMiddleEastwhichleadstohigheroilpricesthustohigherfoodpricesandmoreinstability.Atthesametimeimprovedproductivitymeansfewerpeopleareneededineveryfactorytoproducemorestuff.Soifwewanttohavemorejobsweneedmorefactories.Morefactoriesmakingmorestuffmakemoreglobalwarmingandthatiswherethetwoloopsmeet. ButGildingisactuallyaneco-optimist.AstheimpactotheimminentGreatDisruptionhitsushesays"ourresponsewillbeproportionallydramaticmobilizingaswedoinwar.Wewillchangeatascaleandspeedwecanbarelyimaginetodaycompletelytransformingoureconomyincludingourenergyandtransportindustriesinjustafewshortdecades."Wewillrealizehepredictsthattheconsumer-drivengrowthmodelisbrokenandwehavetomovetoamorehappiness-drivengrowthmodelbasedonpeopleworkinglessandowningless. TocorrectthesituationGildingadvocates
Youreallydohavetowonderwhetherafewyearsfromnowwe’lllookbackatthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury—whenfoodpricesspikedenergypricessoaredworldpopulationsurgedtornadosplowedthroughcitiesfloodsanddroughtssetrecordspopulationsweredisplacedandgovernmentswerethreatenedbytheconfluenceofitall—andaskourselves.WhatwerewethinkingHowdidwenotpanicwhentheevidencewassoobviousthatwe’dcrossedsomegrowthclimatenaturalresourceandpopulationredlinesallatonce"Theonlyanswercanbedenial"arguesPaulGildinganAustralianenvironmentalistinanewbookcalledTheGreatDisruption."Whenyouaresurroundedbysomethingsobigthatrequiresyoutochangeeverythingaboutthewayyouthinkandseetheworldthendenialisthenaturalresponse.Butthelongerwewaitthebiggertheresponserequired." GildingcitestheworkoftheGlobalFootprintNetworkanallianceofscientistswhichcalculateshowmany"planetEarths"weneedtosustainourcurrentgrowthrates.G.F.N.measureshowmuchlandandwaterareaweneedtoproducetheresourcesweconsumeandabsorbourwasteusingprevailingtechnology.OnthewholesaysG.F.N.wearecurrentlygrowingataratethatisusinguptheEarth’sresourcesfarfasterthantheycanbesustainablyreplenishedsoweareeatingintothefuture. Thisisnotsciencefiction.Thisiswhathappenswhenoursystemofgrowthandthesystemofnaturehitthewallatonce.WearenowusingsomanyresourcesandputtingoutsomuchwasteintotheEarththatwehavereachedsomekindoflimitgivencurrenttechnologies.Theeconomyisgoingtohavetogetsmallerintermsofphysicalimpact. Wewillnotchangesystemsthoughwithoutacrisis.Butdon’tworrywe’regettingthere.We’recurrentlycaughtintwoloops:OneisthatmorepopulationgrowthandmoreglobalwarmingtogetherarepushingupfoodpricescausingpoliticalinstabilityintheMiddleEastwhichleadstohigheroilpricesthustohigherfoodpricesandmoreinstability.Atthesametimeimprovedproductivitymeansfewerpeopleareneededineveryfactorytoproducemorestuff.Soifwewanttohavemorejobsweneedmorefactories.Morefactoriesmakingmorestuffmakemoreglobalwarmingandthatiswherethetwoloopsmeet. ButGildingisactuallyaneco-optimist.AstheimpactotheimminentGreatDisruptionhitsushesays"ourresponsewillbeproportionallydramaticmobilizingaswedoinwar.Wewillchangeatascaleandspeedwecanbarelyimaginetodaycompletelytransformingoureconomyincludingourenergyandtransportindustriesinjustafewshortdecades."Wewillrealizehepredictsthattheconsumer-drivengrowthmodelisbrokenandwehavetomovetoamorehappiness-drivengrowthmodelbasedonpeopleworkinglessandowningless. TheG.F.N.scientists
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I’magoodeconomicindicator"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo"shesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan"there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree"saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan~Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
[A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionsintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"--themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace~ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.578words Notes:gaping是gape的现在分词gapevi.裂开nottoomuch一点也不多一点也不过分MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街纽约一条街道的名字美国主要广告公司公共关系事务所集中于此常用以表示此等公司之作风做法等MainStreet实利主义社会food-foraging觅食的millennium千年trend-maker=trend-setter领导新潮的人inthethroesof为……而苦干搏斗becaughtupin陷入goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生brain-drain高科技人才流动从欧洲到美洲 42
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I’magoodeconomicindicator"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo"shesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan"there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree"saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan~Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe$4millionto$10millionrangeLines4Para.3theauthoristalkingabout
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhichofthefollowingistrueastotheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 4
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I’magoodeconomicindicator"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo"shesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan"there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree"saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan~Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. ByEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Para.1theauthormeans
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 14
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