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擅治阳明头痛的药物是
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善治阳明头痛的药物是
羌活
细辛
白芷
藁本
柴胡
羌活擅治的是
风寒湿痹，筋脉挛急
风湿痹痛，阳明头痛
风湿痹痛，偏于上半身者
风湿痹痛，麻疹初起
下列药擅治阳明经头痛的是
羌活
葛根
白芷
柴胡
细辛
白芷擅治的是
少阳头痛
太阳头痛
阳明头痛
少阴头痛
下列药擅治阳明经头痛的是
羌活
葛根
白芷
柴胡
细辛
吴茱萸擅治
厥阴头痛
太阳头痛
阳明头痛
少阴头痛
下列药物擅治阳明经头痛的是
葛根
白芷
羌活
柴胡
细辛
擅治少阴头痛的药物是
藁本
细辛
白芷
羌活
白芷擅治的是
风寒湿痹，筋脉挛急
风湿痹痛，阳明头痛
风湿痹痛，偏于上半身者
风湿痹痛，麻疹初起
柴胡擅治的是
少阳头痛
太阳头痛
阳明头痛
少阴头痛
细辛擅治的是
少阳头痛
太阳头痛
阳明头痛
少阴头痛
羌活擅治的是
少阳头痛
太阳头痛
阳明头痛
少阴头痛
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PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Beforetheeconomyfellapartitwas Britain’ssocietythatwassupposedtobeinterminaldeclineespeciallyinthe eyesoftheTories.DavidCamerontheConservativePartyleaderwaswontto bemoanbrokenBritainmiredinmoraldegeneracywithhighratesofteenage pregnancylowratesofmarriageandotherlessquantifiablebreakdownsinthe civilisedschemeofthings.Suchantediluvianworries wererakedoveragainonJuly13thwhenIainDuncanSmithaformerToryleader calledforanofficialendorsementofmarriage.MrDuncanSmithcitesseveral reasonstoencouragewedlockincludingfamilystabilitymarriedcouplesare muchlesslikelytosplitthancohabitingonesandhealthierchildrenwhodo betterinlaterlife.Therewastalkofstate-runcounsellingpro-marriage propagandainschoolsandmandatorycooling-offperiodsbeforedivorces.Mr DuncanSmithfavourstaxbreaksformarriedcouplessomethingthatLabourhas longrefusedtoendorse.Itistruethatmarriageisa declininginstitution.Marriageratesareattheirlowestsince1895．But curiouslythosewhodomarrynowstaytogetherforlonger.Divorceratesare fallingnotrisingandhavebeenforseveralyears.In200711.9married couplesperthousanduntiedtheknotdownfrom12.2theyearbeforeandthe lowestsince1981．Thetimethatdivorcingcouplesendureeachotherbefore flingingbacktheringshaslengthenedtoo.from10.1yearsin1981to11.7in 2007．Indifferencetowardsthesacramentofmarriageappearsstrongestamongthe elderlynotthefecklessyoung.Since2004whentheoveralldivorcerate peakedat14.1perthousandover-60shavebeentheonlypartofthepopulation whoserateshavecontinuedtorise.Thereareplentyof competingexplanationsforthediminishingappealofdivorceandnoeasywayto discoverwhicharetrue.Immigrationmayhavehelpedsinceimmigrantfamilies oftenhavemoreconservativeattitudesthanthedegeneratenatives.Accountants anddivorcelawyersreckonastringofrecentbigsettlementsmayhaveactedas adeterrentalthoughitcouldequallyhaveencouragedthepoorerpartnersin financiallyunequalmarriages.Fallingmarriagerates andfallingdivorceratescouldbetwosidesofthesamecoinsaysKathleen KiernanaprofessorofsocialpolicyatYorkUniversity.Theunpopularityof marriageandtherelativeeaseofdivorcehasleftonlyahardcoreofstable couplesboundinwedlock.Andtheriseintheaverageageatwhichpeopleget marriednow36formenand33forwomenishelpingtoosinceolderbridesand groomstendtostaytogetherlongerinanycase.Ifsopoliticiansshouldbe cautiousabouthandingouttaxbreaks.EveniftheyworkandMsKiernanthinks theywouldhavetobeenormoustohavemucheffectchivvyingunmarriedcouples intowedlockislikelytomeanmoredivorcesinthefuture. WhatdoesbrokenBritainrefertoaccordingtothetext
Text4 TheSouthdaleshoppingcentrein Minnesotahasanatriumafoodcourtfountainsandacresofparking.Itsshops includeaDairyQueenaVictoria’sSecretandapurveyorofcomicT-shirts.It maynotseemlikealandmarkasimportanttoarchitecturalhistoryasthe LouvreorNewYork’sWoolworthBuilding.Butitis.ohmygod!chimesagroup ofteenagegirlsonlearningthattheyarestandingintheworld’sfirsttrue shoppingmall.Thatisthecoolestthinganybodyhassaidtousallday. InthepasthalfcenturySouthdaleanditsmany imitatorshavetransformedshoppinghabitsurbaneconomiesandteenagespeech. Americanowhassome1100enclosedshoppingmallsaccordingtothe InternationalCouncilofShoppingCentres.CloneshaveappearedfromChennaito Martinique.Yetthemall’sstoryisfarfromtriumphal.InventedbyaEuropean socialistwhohatedcarsandcametoderidehisowncreationithasamurky future.WhilemallscontinuetomultiplyoutsideAmericatheyaregradually dyinginthecountrythatpioneeredthem. Southdale’screatorarrivedinAmericaasarefugeefromNazi-occupied Vienna.VictorGruenwasaJewishbohemianwhobegantodesignshopsforfellow immigrantsinNewYorkafterfailingincabarettheatre.Hisworkwasadmired partlyforitsunclutteredmodernistlookwhichseemedrevolutionaryin1930s America.ButGruen’ssecretwasthewayheusedarcadesandeye-leveldisplay casestolurecustomersintostoresalmostagainsttheirwill.Asacritic complainedhisshopswerelikemousetraps.Afewyearslaterthesamewouldbe saidofhisshoppingmalls.Bythe1940s departmentstoreswerealreadymovingtothesuburbs.Somehadbeguntobuild adjacentstripsofshopswhichtheyfilledwithboutiquesinanattemptto re-createurbanshoppingdistricts.In1947ashoppingcentreopenedinLos Angelesfeaturingtwodepartmentstoresaclusterofsmallshopsandalarge carpark.Itwasineffectanoutdoorshoppingmall.Fineforbalmysouthern CaliforniaperhapsbutnotforMinnesota’sharshclimate.Commissionedto buildashoppingcentreatSouthdalein1956Gruenthrewaroofoverthe structureandinstalledanair-conditioningsystemtokeepthetemperatureat 75°F24℃—whichacontemporarypressreleasecalledEternalSpring.Themall wasborn.Gruengotanextraordinarynumberof thingsrightfirsttime.Hebuiltaslopingroadaroundtheperimeterofthe mallsothathalfoftheshoppersenteredonthegroundfloorandhalfonthe firstfloor-somethingthatbecameastandardfeatureofmalls.Southdale’s balconieswerelowsothatshopperscouldseetheshopsontheflooraboveor belowthem.Thecarparkhadanimalsignstohelpshoppersrememberthewayback totheirvehicles.ItwasasthoughOrvilleandWilburWrighthadnotjust discoveredpoweredflightbuthadbuiltaplanewithtraytablesandaduty-free service.WhichofthefollowingisnottheimpactthatshoppingmallsexertondailylifeinUS
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Beforetheeconomyfellapartitwas Britain’ssocietythatwassupposedtobeinterminaldeclineespeciallyinthe eyesoftheTories.DavidCamerontheConservativePartyleaderwaswontto bemoanbrokenBritainmiredinmoraldegeneracywithhighratesofteenage pregnancylowratesofmarriageandotherlessquantifiablebreakdownsinthe civilisedschemeofthings.Suchantediluvianworries wererakedoveragainonJuly13thwhenIainDuncanSmithaformerToryleader calledforanofficialendorsementofmarriage.MrDuncanSmithcitesseveral reasonstoencouragewedlockincludingfamilystabilitymarriedcouplesare muchlesslikelytosplitthancohabitingonesandhealthierchildrenwhodo betterinlaterlife.Therewastalkofstate-runcounsellingpro-marriage propagandainschoolsandmandatorycooling-offperiodsbeforedivorces.Mr DuncanSmithfavourstaxbreaksformarriedcouplessomethingthatLabourhas longrefusedtoendorse.Itistruethatmarriageisa declininginstitution.Marriageratesareattheirlowestsince1895．But curiouslythosewhodomarrynowstaytogetherforlonger.Divorceratesare fallingnotrisingandhavebeenforseveralyears.In200711.9married couplesperthousanduntiedtheknotdownfrom12.2theyearbeforeandthe lowestsince1981．Thetimethatdivorcingcouplesendureeachotherbefore flingingbacktheringshaslengthenedtoo.from10.1yearsin1981to11.7in 2007．Indifferencetowardsthesacramentofmarriageappearsstrongestamongthe elderlynotthefecklessyoung.Since2004whentheoveralldivorcerate peakedat14.1perthousandover-60shavebeentheonlypartofthepopulation whoserateshavecontinuedtorise.Thereareplentyof competingexplanationsforthediminishingappealofdivorceandnoeasywayto discoverwhicharetrue.Immigrationmayhavehelpedsinceimmigrantfamilies oftenhavemoreconservativeattitudesthanthedegeneratenatives.Accountants anddivorcelawyersreckonastringofrecentbigsettlementsmayhaveactedas adeterrentalthoughitcouldequallyhaveencouragedthepoorerpartnersin financiallyunequalmarriages.Fallingmarriagerates andfallingdivorceratescouldbetwosidesofthesamecoinsaysKathleen KiernanaprofessorofsocialpolicyatYorkUniversity.Theunpopularityof marriageandtherelativeeaseofdivorcehasleftonlyahardcoreofstable couplesboundinwedlock.Andtheriseintheaverageageatwhichpeopleget marriednow36formenand33forwomenishelpingtoosinceolderbridesand groomstendtostaytogetherlongerinanycase.Ifsopoliticiansshouldbe cautiousabouthandingouttaxbreaks.EveniftheyworkandMsKiernanthinks theywouldhavetobeenormoustohavemucheffectchivvyingunmarriedcouples intowedlockislikelytomeanmoredivorcesinthefuture. WhatisKathleenKiernan’sattitudetowardsthepolicyofhandingouttaxbreaks
Directions:Inthefollowing textsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereare twoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’s supplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311．Thatwasapriceincreaseof nearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagrees thatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.41．______. Manyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeat eggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.Department ofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was $521．Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasvery smallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.42．______Theseinclude truckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfood containersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.Theyareamongthe middlemenwhostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthe food.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlementreceived$790 whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959．Itappearsthatthe middlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.43．Accordingtoeconomists attheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstores amountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallother manufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethanfivepercent.Bycomparisonwith othermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofited surprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 44．______TheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogive housewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethe housewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenow becausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuy foodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhave beencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshould expecttopaymorewhenseveralTVdinnersaretakenhomefromthestore. Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimes dessertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheated whilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.45. Economistsremindusthatmanymodemhousewives havejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfood bills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingaftera day’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’s tableeasilyandquickly.Ifthehousewifewantsallofthesetheeconomists saythatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesof thosewhomakeherworkeasier.Itappearsthat theanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producers consumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfood costs.[A]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrols canhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrent controlthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcancharge foranapartment.[B]Farmerstendtoblameothersforthe sharpriseinfoodprices.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthe farmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.[C]Thusas economistspointout:Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodprice spreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoods whichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchento thefoodprocessor’splant.[D]Butsomeeconomistsclaim thatthemiddleman’sactualprofitwasverylow.[E]Who thenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpay beforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestore’[F]But thereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.Whois reallyresponsible[G]Economistsdonot.agreeonsome ofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferent decisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileothers criticizeit.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankand. InthelongrunasJohnMaynard Keynesobservedwearealldead.True.Butcanthe1 runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2 AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3 sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemist putanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawayto turnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfrom RiderHaggard’sShetoFrankHerbert’sDune.Andnowwiththegrowthof 6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafew researchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhy organisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelike machines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachine canalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofspare partscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe 12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamous axethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade.The questionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13. Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputit slightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother. Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative. Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolved responseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisno surprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventhe appearanceofageingcanbe18.It19 therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-since itisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlong tohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction.
Text3 YamatotheancientnameofJapan essentiallymeansbigharmony.ToachievesuchbalanceJapanesesocietyhas refinedaplethoraofculturaltraits:humilityloyaltyrespectandconsensus. Inthefieldofbusinesshoweverthisoftenresultsinalackofleaderswho arewillingtostandoutfromthecrowdpromotethemselvesandactdecisively. ThenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisacommonJapaneserefrain;the hawkwithtalenthideshistalonsisanother.WhereasAmericanandEuropean bossesliketoappearonthecoversofglobalbusinessmagazinestheirJapanese counterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurity.BusinessinJapanisgenerally runasagroupendeavor.Suchdemocraticvirtuesserved thecountrywellinthepost-warperiod.ButtodaytheyholdtoomanyJapanese firmsback.Japanboastssomeofthebestcompaniesintheworld:ToyotaCanon andNintendoaretheenvyoftheirindustries.Buttheyoperateonaglobal scaleandhavetentativelyembracedsomeunconsensualAmericanmethods.Inmuch oftheJapaneseeconomy-especiallyitshugedomesticservicessector-managers areinsomethingofafunk.Firmsdonotgivepromisingyoungsters responsibilityearlyonbutallocatejobsbyage.Unnecessarilylongworking hoursarethenormsappingproductivity.Andtherearefewwomenandforeigners inseniorroleswhichnarrowsthetalentpool.So howpleasingitistobeabletoreportthesuccessofabusinessleaderwho breaksthemould.Youngdynamicandcleverheisnotafraidtopushasideold conservativeknow-nothings.Hedisdainscorporatepoliticsandpromotespeople basedonmeritratherthanseniority.Hecanmakemistakeshegot involvedinaquestionabletakeover-defenceschemebutheiswildlypopular withsalarymen:hiseverymoveischronicledweekly.InJunehewasgiventhe topjobatoneofJapan’sbiggestfirms.KosakuShimaofHatsushibaGoyo Holdingshasonlyoneseriousshortcoming:heisnotarealpersonbutamanga orcartooncharacter.FormanycriticsofJapanthatsaysitall:Mr.Shima couldexistonlyinfiction.Infactthereisroomforthecountry’smanagers andevenitspoliticianstolearnfromhim.Most ofthelessonsareforJapan’smanagers.Atpresentbossesrarelysaywhatthey thinkbecauseitmightdisrupttheharmonyorbeseenasimmodest.Their subordinatesarereluctanttochallengeideasbecausethatwouldcausetheboss toloseface.Sodaftstrategiesfesterratherthangettingculledquickly. Thereislittlerisk-takingorinitiative.Thecruxoftheproblemis Japanesecompanies’cultureofconsensus-based decision-making.Callednemawashiliterallygoingaroundtheroots orringibottom-updecisionsithelpedtoestablishanegalitarian workplace.Inthe1980sWesternmanagementconsultantscooedthatitwasthe sourceofJapan’scompetitivestrength.Sometimesitcanbeasinperiodsof crisiswhenanentirefirmneedstoacceptnewmarchingordersquickly.Butmost ofthetimeitstranglesacompany.Relyingon consensusmeansthatdecisionsaremadeslowlyifatall.Withsomanypeople topleasetheresultisoftenamediocremorassofcompromises.Andwithso manyhandsinvolvedthereisnoaccountability;noreasonforindividualsto excel;nosanctionagainstbaddecisionssothattherearefewerofthemin future.OfcoursesometimestheconsensusoftheJapaneseworkplaceisjusta veneeranddecisionsarestillmadefromonhigh.Butthenwhypersistwiththe pretenceparticularlyifitdrainsacompany’sefficiency WhydothecriticssayMr.KosakuShimacouldonlyexistinfiction
Text4 TheSouthdaleshoppingcentrein Minnesotahasanatriumafoodcourtfountainsandacresofparking.Itsshops includeaDairyQueenaVictoria’sSecretandapurveyorofcomicT-shirts.It maynotseemlikealandmarkasimportanttoarchitecturalhistoryasthe LouvreorNewYork’sWoolworthBuilding.Butitis.ohmygod!chimesagroup ofteenagegirlsonlearningthattheyarestandingintheworld’sfirsttrue shoppingmall.Thatisthecoolestthinganybodyhassaidtousallday. InthepasthalfcenturySouthdaleanditsmany imitatorshavetransformedshoppinghabitsurbaneconomiesandteenagespeech. Americanowhassome1100enclosedshoppingmallsaccordingtothe InternationalCouncilofShoppingCentres.CloneshaveappearedfromChennaito Martinique.Yetthemall’sstoryisfarfromtriumphal.InventedbyaEuropean socialistwhohatedcarsandcametoderidehisowncreationithasamurky future.WhilemallscontinuetomultiplyoutsideAmericatheyaregradually dyinginthecountrythatpioneeredthem. Southdale’screatorarrivedinAmericaasarefugeefromNazi-occupied Vienna.VictorGruenwasaJewishbohemianwhobegantodesignshopsforfellow immigrantsinNewYorkafterfailingincabarettheatre.Hisworkwasadmired partlyforitsunclutteredmodernistlookwhichseemedrevolutionaryin1930s America.ButGruen’ssecretwasthewayheusedarcadesandeye-leveldisplay casestolurecustomersintostoresalmostagainsttheirwill.Asacritic complainedhisshopswerelikemousetraps.Afewyearslaterthesamewouldbe saidofhisshoppingmalls.Bythe1940s departmentstoreswerealreadymovingtothesuburbs.Somehadbeguntobuild adjacentstripsofshopswhichtheyfilledwithboutiquesinanattemptto re-createurbanshoppingdistricts.In1947ashoppingcentreopenedinLos Angelesfeaturingtwodepartmentstoresaclusterofsmallshopsandalarge carpark.Itwasineffectanoutdoorshoppingmall.Fineforbalmysouthern CaliforniaperhapsbutnotforMinnesota’sharshclimate.Commissionedto buildashoppingcentreatSouthdalein1956Gruenthrewaroofoverthe structureandinstalledanair-conditioningsystemtokeepthetemperatureat 75°F24℃—whichacontemporarypressreleasecalledEternalSpring.Themall wasborn.Gruengotanextraordinarynumberof thingsrightfirsttime.Hebuiltaslopingroadaroundtheperimeterofthe mallsothathalfoftheshoppersenteredonthegroundfloorandhalfonthe firstfloor-somethingthatbecameastandardfeatureofmalls.Southdale’s balconieswerelowsothatshopperscouldseetheshopsontheflooraboveor belowthem.Thecarparkhadanimalsignstohelpshoppersrememberthewayback totheirvehicles.ItwasasthoughOrvilleandWilburWrighthadnotjust discoveredpoweredflightbuthadbuiltaplanewithtraytablesandaduty-free service.WhichofthefollowingisnottheextraordinarythingGruengotforthefirsttime
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankand. InthelongrunasJohnMaynard Keynesobservedwearealldead.True.Butcanthe1 runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2 AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3 sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemist putanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawayto turnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfrom RiderHaggard’sShetoFrankHerbert’sDune.Andnowwiththegrowthof 6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafew researchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhy organisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelike machines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachine canalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofspare partscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe 12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamous axethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade.The questionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13. Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputit slightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother. Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative. Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolved responseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisno surprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventhe appearanceofageingcanbe18.It19 therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-since itisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlong tohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction.
Directions:Inthefollowing textsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereare twoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’s supplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311．Thatwasapriceincreaseof nearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagrees thatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.41．______. Manyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeat eggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.Department ofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was $521．Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasvery smallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.42．______Theseinclude truckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfood containersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.Theyareamongthe middlemenwhostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthe food.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlementreceived$790 whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959．Itappearsthatthe middlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.43．Accordingtoeconomists attheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstores amountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallother manufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethanfivepercent.Bycomparisonwith othermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofited surprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 44．______TheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogive housewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethe housewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenow becausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuy foodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhave beencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshould expecttopaymorewhenseveralTVdinnersaretakenhomefromthestore. Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimes dessertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheated whilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.45. Economistsremindusthatmanymodemhousewives havejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfood bills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingaftera day’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’s tableeasilyandquickly.Ifthehousewifewantsallofthesetheeconomists saythatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesof thosewhomakeherworkeasier.Itappearsthat theanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producers consumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfood costs.[A]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrols canhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrent controlthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcancharge foranapartment.[B]Farmerstendtoblameothersforthe sharpriseinfoodprices.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthe farmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.[C]Thusas economistspointout:Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodprice spreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoods whichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchento thefoodprocessor’splant.[D]Butsomeeconomistsclaim thatthemiddleman’sactualprofitwasverylow.[E]Who thenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpay beforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestore’[F]But thereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.Whois reallyresponsible[G]Economistsdonot.agreeonsome ofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferent decisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileothers criticizeit.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankand. InthelongrunasJohnMaynard Keynesobservedwearealldead.True.Butcanthe1 runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2 AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3 sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemist putanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawayto turnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfrom RiderHaggard’sShetoFrankHerbert’sDune.Andnowwiththegrowthof 6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafew researchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhy organisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelike machines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachine canalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofspare partscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe 12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamous axethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade.The questionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13. Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputit slightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother. Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative. Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolved responseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisno surprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventhe appearanceofageingcanbe18.It19 therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-since itisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlong tohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction.
Directions:Inthefollowing textsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereare twoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’s supplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311．Thatwasapriceincreaseof nearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagrees thatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.41．______. Manyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeat eggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.Department ofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was $521．Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasvery smallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.42．______Theseinclude truckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfood containersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.Theyareamongthe middlemenwhostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthe food.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlementreceived$790 whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959．Itappearsthatthe middlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.43．Accordingtoeconomists attheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstores amountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallother manufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethanfivepercent.Bycomparisonwith othermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofited surprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 44．______TheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogive housewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethe housewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenow becausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuy foodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhave beencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshould expecttopaymorewhenseveralTVdinnersaretakenhomefromthestore. Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimes dessertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheated whilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.45. Economistsremindusthatmanymodemhousewives havejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfood bills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingaftera day’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’s tableeasilyandquickly.Ifthehousewifewantsallofthesetheeconomists saythatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesof thosewhomakeherworkeasier.Itappearsthat theanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producers consumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfood costs.[A]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrols canhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrent controlthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcancharge foranapartment.[B]Farmerstendtoblameothersforthe sharpriseinfoodprices.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthe farmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.[C]Thusas economistspointout:Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodprice spreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoods whichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchento thefoodprocessor’splant.[D]Butsomeeconomistsclaim thatthemiddleman’sactualprofitwasverylow.[E]Who thenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpay beforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestore’[F]But thereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.Whois reallyresponsible[G]Economistsdonot.agreeonsome ofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferent decisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileothers criticizeit.
Text3 YamatotheancientnameofJapan essentiallymeansbigharmony.ToachievesuchbalanceJapanesesocietyhas refinedaplethoraofculturaltraits:humilityloyaltyrespectandconsensus. Inthefieldofbusinesshoweverthisoftenresultsinalackofleaderswho arewillingtostandoutfromthecrowdpromotethemselvesandactdecisively. ThenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisacommonJapaneserefrain;the hawkwithtalenthideshistalonsisanother.WhereasAmericanandEuropean bossesliketoappearonthecoversofglobalbusinessmagazinestheirJapanese counterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurity.BusinessinJapanisgenerally runasagroupendeavor.Suchdemocraticvirtuesserved thecountrywellinthepost-warperiod.ButtodaytheyholdtoomanyJapanese firmsback.Japanboastssomeofthebestcompaniesintheworld:ToyotaCanon andNintendoaretheenvyoftheirindustries.Buttheyoperateonaglobal scaleandhavetentativelyembracedsomeunconsensualAmericanmethods.Inmuch oftheJapaneseeconomy-especiallyitshugedomesticservicessector-managers areinsomethingofafunk.Firmsdonotgivepromisingyoungsters responsibilityearlyonbutallocatejobsbyage.Unnecessarilylongworking hoursarethenormsappingproductivity.Andtherearefewwomenandforeigners inseniorroleswhichnarrowsthetalentpool.So howpleasingitistobeabletoreportthesuccessofabusinessleaderwho breaksthemould.Youngdynamicandcleverheisnotafraidtopushasideold conservativeknow-nothings.Hedisdainscorporatepoliticsandpromotespeople basedonmeritratherthanseniority.Hecanmakemistakeshegot involvedinaquestionabletakeover-defenceschemebutheiswildlypopular withsalarymen:hiseverymoveischronicledweekly.InJunehewasgiventhe topjobatoneofJapan’sbiggestfirms.KosakuShimaofHatsushibaGoyo Holdingshasonlyoneseriousshortcoming:heisnotarealpersonbutamanga orcartooncharacter.FormanycriticsofJapanthatsaysitall:Mr.Shima couldexistonlyinfiction.Infactthereisroomforthecountry’smanagers andevenitspoliticianstolearnfromhim.Most ofthelessonsareforJapan’smanagers.Atpresentbossesrarelysaywhatthey thinkbecauseitmightdisrupttheharmonyorbeseenasimmodest.Their subordinatesarereluctanttochallengeideasbecausethatwouldcausetheboss toloseface.Sodaftstrategiesfesterratherthangettingculledquickly. Thereislittlerisk-takingorinitiative.Thecruxoftheproblemis Japanesecompanies’cultureofconsensus-based decision-making.Callednemawashiliterallygoingaroundtheroots orringibottom-updecisionsithelpedtoestablishanegalitarian workplace.Inthe1980sWesternmanagementconsultantscooedthatitwasthe sourceofJapan’scompetitivestrength.Sometimesitcanbeasinperiodsof crisiswhenanentirefirmneedstoacceptnewmarchingordersquickly.Butmost ofthetimeitstranglesacompany.Relyingon consensusmeansthatdecisionsaremadeslowlyifatall.Withsomanypeople topleasetheresultisoftenamediocremorassofcompromises.Andwithso manyhandsinvolvedthereisnoaccountability;noreasonforindividualsto excel;nosanctionagainstbaddecisionssothattherearefewerofthemin future.OfcoursesometimestheconsensusoftheJapaneseworkplaceisjusta veneeranddecisionsarestillmadefromonhigh.Butthenwhypersistwiththe pretenceparticularlyifitdrainsacompany’sefficiency WhatdoestheirJapanesecounterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurityinthefirstparagraphmean
Supposeyourmotherhascometoseeyouandtonightyouwillsleepintheroomshehasbookedinahotelnearyouruniversity.Writeanoteinabout100wordstoinformyourroommateLindaofthat.DonotsignyourownnameattheendofyourletterusingRachelinstead.
Text2 Manywillknowthatthewordmuscle comesfromtheLatinformouseripplingundertheskinsotospeak.But whataboutchagrinderivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscaly sharkskin.OrlenswhichcomesfromtheLatinlentilorwindowmeaning eyeofwindinoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartin imageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremade offruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings’sbook isaboutverbalsurrealism.Thatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreally aboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberally towordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithan ever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itis alsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardand downwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnew surroundingsorlyinginwaitlikeduvetwhichwasmentionedbySamuel Johnsonfortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayof writinghistory.TheArabetymologiesofsaffroncrimsonand sugarspeakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehavecheque andtarifffromthissourcetooplusarithmeticandalgorithm-justaswe haveetchandsketchfromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansand philosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere. Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasion refugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovoke question-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheer sweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryis sometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyof beingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorof beinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuch morethanagongoramoccasin.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’s zestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-carp andzestincluded.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglish delightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmie Francaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainst foreigncorruption.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveitsmanly pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:wheel- saddleforbicyclepainloreforpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastis rampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheir first.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’sGlobishnowthelanguageof aspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitsto wincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonoflanguageintegrationaccordingtothetext
Text3 YamatotheancientnameofJapan essentiallymeansbigharmony.ToachievesuchbalanceJapanesesocietyhas refinedaplethoraofculturaltraits:humilityloyaltyrespectandconsensus. Inthefieldofbusinesshoweverthisoftenresultsinalackofleaderswho arewillingtostandoutfromthecrowdpromotethemselvesandactdecisively. ThenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisacommonJapaneserefrain;the hawkwithtalenthideshistalonsisanother.WhereasAmericanandEuropean bossesliketoappearonthecoversofglobalbusinessmagazinestheirJapanese counterpartsarecomfortableintheirobscurity.BusinessinJapanisgenerally runasagroupendeavor.Suchdemocraticvirtuesserved thecountrywellinthepost-warperiod.ButtodaytheyholdtoomanyJapanese firmsback.Japanboastssomeofthebestcompaniesintheworld:ToyotaCanon andNintendoaretheenvyoftheirindustries.Buttheyoperateonaglobal scaleandhavetentativelyembracedsomeunconsensualAmericanmethods.Inmuch oftheJapaneseeconomy-especiallyitshugedomesticservicessector-managers areinsomethingofafunk.Firmsdonotgivepromisingyoungsters responsibilityearlyonbutallocatejobsbyage.Unnecessarilylongworking hoursarethenormsappingproductivity.Andtherearefewwomenandforeigners inseniorroleswhichnarrowsthetalentpool.So howpleasingitistobeabletoreportthesuccessofabusinessleaderwho breaksthemould.Youngdynamicandcleverheisnotafraidtopushasideold conservativeknow-nothings.Hedisdainscorporatepoliticsandpromotespeople basedonmeritratherthanseniority.Hecanmakemistakeshegot involvedinaquestionabletakeover-defenceschemebutheiswildlypopular withsalarymen:hiseverymoveischronicledweekly.InJunehewasgiventhe topjobatoneofJapan’sbiggestfirms.KosakuShimaofHatsushibaGoyo Holdingshasonlyoneseriousshortcoming:heisnotarealpersonbutamanga orcartooncharacter.FormanycriticsofJapanthatsaysitall:Mr.Shima couldexistonlyinfiction.Infactthereisroomforthecountry’smanagers andevenitspoliticianstolearnfromhim.Most ofthelessonsareforJapan’smanagers.Atpresentbossesrarelysaywhatthey thinkbecauseitmightdisrupttheharmonyorbeseenasimmodest.Their subordinatesarereluctanttochallengeideasbecausethatwouldcausetheboss toloseface.Sodaftstrategiesfesterratherthangettingculledquickly. Thereislittlerisk-takingorinitiative.Thecruxoftheproblemis Japanesecompanies’cultureofconsensus-based decision-making.Callednemawashiliterallygoingaroundtheroots orringibottom-updecisionsithelpedtoestablishanegalitarian workplace.Inthe1980sWesternmanagementconsultantscooedthatitwasthe sourceofJapan’scompetitivestrength.Sometimesitcanbeasinperiodsof crisiswhenanentirefirmneedstoacceptnewmarchingordersquickly.Butmost ofthetimeitstranglesacompany.Relyingon consensusmeansthatdecisionsaremadeslowlyifatall.Withsomanypeople topleasetheresultisoftenamediocremorassofcompromises.Andwithso manyhandsinvolvedthereisnoaccountability;noreasonforindividualsto excel;nosanctionagainstbaddecisionssothattherearefewerofthemin future.OfcoursesometimestheconsensusoftheJapaneseworkplaceisjusta veneeranddecisionsarestillmadefromonhigh.Butthenwhypersistwiththe pretenceparticularlyifitdrainsacompany’sefficiency Whatisauthor’sopinionontheconsensusofJapaneseworkplace
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoung peoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshowever forthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywhereneara pollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovote accordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthat figureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggests thatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyit argueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47. Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-called IPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firstthe ageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementto thoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarising proportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecost ofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthe reachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25; todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank. Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabour governmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreased spendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmore thantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewith childrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhigher tuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthe futuredoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreforms alongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrim readingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechanges oughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthis agegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthors ofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlenders graduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforall salariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.Arethings reallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuch funfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthe vigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-olds willhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeoplein their20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkinto their40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity. Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeing squeezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties. 50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidina speechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayin whicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthana conspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocrat commissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairness too.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.Forthe Toriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasifthey aremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawayto argueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuade someofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Text2 Manywillknowthatthewordmuscle comesfromtheLatinformouseripplingundertheskinsotospeak.But whataboutchagrinderivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscaly sharkskin.OrlenswhichcomesfromtheLatinlentilorwindowmeaning eyeofwindinoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartin imageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremade offruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings’sbook isaboutverbalsurrealism.Thatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreally aboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberally towordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithan ever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itis alsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardand downwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnew surroundingsorlyinginwaitlikeduvetwhichwasmentionedbySamuel Johnsonfortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayof writinghistory.TheArabetymologiesofsaffroncrimsonand sugarspeakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehavecheque andtarifffromthissourcetooplusarithmeticandalgorithm-justaswe haveetchandsketchfromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansand philosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere. Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasion refugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovoke question-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheer sweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryis sometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyof beingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorof beinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuch morethanagongoramoccasin.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’s zestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-carp andzestincluded.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglish delightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmie Francaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainst foreigncorruption.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveitsmanly pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:wheel- saddleforbicyclepainloreforpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastis rampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheir first.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’sGlobishnowthelanguageof aspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitsto wincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhatisthetrendintheEnglishlanguagethatthisbookemphasizes
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoung peoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshowever forthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywhereneara pollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovote accordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthat figureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggests thatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyit argueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47. Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-called IPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firstthe ageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementto thoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarising proportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecost ofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthe reachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25; todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank. Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabour governmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreased spendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmore thantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewith childrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhigher tuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthe futuredoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreforms alongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrim readingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechanges oughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthis agegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthors ofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlenders graduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforall salariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.Arethings reallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuch funfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthe vigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-olds willhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeoplein their20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkinto their40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity. Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeing squeezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties. 50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidina speechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayin whicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthana conspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocrat commissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairness too.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.Forthe Toriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasifthey aremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawayto argueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuade someofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankand. InthelongrunasJohnMaynard Keynesobservedwearealldead.True.Butcanthe1 runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2 AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3 sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemist putanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawayto turnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfrom RiderHaggard’sShetoFrankHerbert’sDune.Andnowwiththegrowthof 6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafew researchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhy organisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelike machines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachine canalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofspare partscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe 12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamous axethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade.The questionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13. Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputit slightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother. Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative. Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolved responseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisno surprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventhe appearanceofageingcanbe18.It19 therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-since itisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlong tohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Beforetheeconomyfellapartitwas Britain’ssocietythatwassupposedtobeinterminaldeclineespeciallyinthe eyesoftheTories.DavidCamerontheConservativePartyleaderwaswontto bemoanbrokenBritainmiredinmoraldegeneracywithhighratesofteenage pregnancylowratesofmarriageandotherlessquantifiablebreakdownsinthe civilisedschemeofthings.Suchantediluvianworries wererakedoveragainonJuly13thwhenIainDuncanSmithaformerToryleader calledforanofficialendorsementofmarriage.MrDuncanSmithcitesseveral reasonstoencouragewedlockincludingfamilystabilitymarriedcouplesare muchlesslikelytosplitthancohabitingonesandhealthierchildrenwhodo betterinlaterlife.Therewastalkofstate-runcounsellingpro-marriage propagandainschoolsandmandatorycooling-offperiodsbeforedivorces.Mr DuncanSmithfavourstaxbreaksformarriedcouplessomethingthatLabourhas longrefusedtoendorse.Itistruethatmarriageisa declininginstitution.Marriageratesareattheirlowestsince1895．But curiouslythosewhodomarrynowstaytogetherforlonger.Divorceratesare fallingnotrisingandhavebeenforseveralyears.In200711.9married couplesperthousanduntiedtheknotdownfrom12.2theyearbeforeandthe lowestsince1981．Thetimethatdivorcingcouplesendureeachotherbefore flingingbacktheringshaslengthenedtoo.from10.1yearsin1981to11.7in 2007．Indifferencetowardsthesacramentofmarriageappearsstrongestamongthe elderlynotthefecklessyoung.Since2004whentheoveralldivorcerate peakedat14.1perthousandover-60shavebeentheonlypartofthepopulation whoserateshavecontinuedtorise.Thereareplentyof competingexplanationsforthediminishingappealofdivorceandnoeasywayto discoverwhicharetrue.Immigrationmayhavehelpedsinceimmigrantfamilies oftenhavemoreconservativeattitudesthanthedegeneratenatives.Accountants anddivorcelawyersreckonastringofrecentbigsettlementsmayhaveactedas adeterrentalthoughitcouldequallyhaveencouragedthepoorerpartnersin financiallyunequalmarriages.Fallingmarriagerates andfallingdivorceratescouldbetwosidesofthesamecoinsaysKathleen KiernanaprofessorofsocialpolicyatYorkUniversity.Theunpopularityof marriageandtherelativeeaseofdivorcehasleftonlyahardcoreofstable couplesboundinwedlock.Andtheriseintheaverageageatwhichpeopleget marriednow36formenand33forwomenishelpingtoosinceolderbridesand groomstendtostaytogetherlongerinanycase.Ifsopoliticiansshouldbe cautiousabouthandingouttaxbreaks.EveniftheyworkandMsKiernanthinks theywouldhavetobeenormoustohavemucheffectchivvyingunmarriedcouples intowedlockislikelytomeanmoredivorcesinthefuture. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
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