Directions: The following is a picture about leadership. Write an essay of 160～200 words based on t...

查看本题答案

包含此试题的试卷

国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案点击查看

你可能感兴趣的试题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese

the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli

热门试题

Fromthe18ththroughthemid-19thcenturywhaleoilprovidedlighttomuchoftheWesternworld.Atitspeakwhalingemployed70000peopleandwastheUnitedStates’fifth-largestindustry.TheU.S.stoodastheworld’sforemostwhaleslayer.Producingmillionsofgallonsofoileachyeartheindustrywaswidelyseenasunassailablewithadvocatesscoffingatwould-beilluminationsubstituteslike.lardoilandcamphene.Withoutwhaleoilsothethinkingwenttheworldwouldslidebackwardtowarddarkness.Bytoday’sstandardofcourseslaughteringwhalesisconsideredbarbaric.Twohundredyearsagotherewasnoenvironmentalmovementtospeakof.ButonewondersifthewhalersfindingthateachyeartheyneededtogofartherafieldfromNantucketIslandtokillmassiveseamammalseveraskedthemselves:whatwillhappenwhenwerunoutofwhalesSuchquestionstodayconstitutethecornerstoneoftheever-louderlogicofsustainability.Climatealarmistsandcampaigningenvironmentalistsarguethattheindustrializedcountriesoftheworldhavemadesizablewithdrawalsonnature’sfixedallowanceandunlesswechangeourwaysandsoonwearedoomedtoanabruptend.TaketherecentproclamationfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramwhicharguedthatgovernmentsshoulddramaticallycutbackontheuseofresources.Themantrahasbecomecommonplace:ourcurrentwayoflivingisselfishandunsustainable.Wearewreckingtheworld.Wearecuttingdowntherainforest.Wearepollutingthewater.Wearepollutingtheair.Wearekillingplantsandanimalsdestroyingtheozonelayerburningtheworldthroughouraddictiontofossilfuelsandleavingadevastatedplanetforfuturegenerations.Inotherwordshumanityisdoomed.Itisacompellingstorynodoubt.Itisalsofundamentallywrongandtheconsequencesaresevere.Tragicallyexaggeratedenvironmentalworries—andthewillingnessofsomanytobelievethem—couldultimatelypreventusfromfindingsmarterwaystoactuallyhelpourplanetandensurethehealthoftheenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Becauseourfearsnotwithstandingweactuallygetsmarter.AlthoughWesternerswereoncereliantonwhaleoilforlightingweneveractuallyranoutofwhales.WhyHighdemandandrisingpricesforwhaleoilspurredasearchforandinvestmentinthe19th-centuryversionofalternativeenergy.Firstkerosenefrompetroleumreplacedwhaleoil.Wedidn’trunoutofkeroseneeither:electricitysupplanteditbecauseitwasasuperiorwaytolightourplanet.Forgenerationswehaveconsistentlyunderestimatedourcapacityforinnovation.TherewasatimewhenweworriedthatallofLondonwouldbecoveredwithhorsemanurebecauseoftheincreasinguseofhorse-drawncarriages.ThankstotheinventionofthecarLondonhas7millioninhabitantstoday.Dungdisasteraverted.Infactwould-becatastropheshaveregularlybeenpushedasidethroughouthumanhistoryandsooftenbecauseofinnovationandtechnologicaldevelopment.Weneverjustcontinuetodothesameoldthing.Weinnovateandavoidtheanticipatedproblems.Thecasesofhorsemanureandwhaleoilaresimilarinthat
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
AlmosteveryoneagreesthatAmerica’shealth-caresystemhastheincentivesallwrong.Underthepresentsystemdoctorsandhospitalsgetpaidfordoingmoreevenifaddedtestsoperationsandprocedureshavelittlechanceofimprovingpatients’health.SowhathappenswhensomeoneproposesthatwealtertheincentivestorewardbettercarenotmorecareWellRep.PaulRyanandRepublicansfoundout.Nosurprise:DemocratsslammedthemforendingMedicareasweknowit.Thispredictablypartisanreactionpreyingupontheanxietiesofretirees—mustdepressanyonewhocaresaboutthecountry’sfuture.ItisonlyaslightexaggerationtosaythatunlessweendMedicareasweknowitAmericaasweknowitwillend.Spiralinghealthspendingisthecruxofourfederalbudgetproblem.In1965—theyearCongresscreatedMedicareandMedicaid—healthspendingwas2.6percentofthebudget.In2010itwas26.5percent.TheObamaadministrationestimatesitwillbe30.3percentin2016.Bycontrastdefensespendingisabout20percent;scientificresearchanddevelopmentis4percent.Uncontrolledhealthspendingisn’tsimplycrowdingoutothergovernmentprograms;it’salsodampeningoveralllivingstandards.HealtheconomistsMichaelChernewRichardHirthandDavidCutlerrecentlyreportedthathigherhealthcostsconsumed35.7percentoftheincreaseinpercapitaincomefrom1999to2007.Theyalsoprojectthatunderreasonableassumptionsitcouldabsorbhalformoreofthegainbetweennowand2083.Ryanproposestochangethat.Beginningin2022newnotexistingMedicarebeneficiarieswouldreceiveavouchervaluedinitiallyatabout$8000.Thetheoryissimple.SuddenlyempoweredMedicarebeneficiarieswouldshopforlowest-costhighest-qualityinsuranceplansprovidingarequiredpackageofbenefits.Thehealth-caredeliverysystemwouldbeforcedtorestructurebyreducingcostsandimprovingquality.Doctorshospitalsandclinicswouldformnetworks;therewouldbemorecoordinationofcarehelpedbymoreinvestmentininformationtechnology;betteruseofdeductiblesandco-paymentswouldreduceunnecessarytripstodoctors’officesorclinics.It’sshocktherapy.WoulditworkNooneknowsbuttwothingsareclear.FirstasMedicaregoessogoestheentirehealth-caresystem.Medicareisthenation’slargestinsuranceprogramwith48millionrecipientsandspendinglastyearof$520billion.Secondfewdoubtthattoday’shealth-caresystemhasmuchwaste:medicalcarethatdoesnogood.UnderRyan’splanincentiveswouldshift.MedicarewouldnolongerbeanopenATM;thevoucherswouldlimittotalspending.Providerswouldfacepressurestodomorewithless;therewouldcertainlybechargesthatessentialcarewasbeingdenied.TheObamaadministrationarguesthatbetterresultscanbeachievedbymodifyingincentiveswithintheexistingsystem.Perhaps.Buthistorysuggestsskepticism.It’sRyan’sradicalismvs.PresidentObama’sremedypolicy.WhichisrealisticandwhichiswishfulthinkingBurdenedbyrunawayspendingMedicareasweknowitisgoingtoend.Theonlyquestionsarewhenandonwhoseterms.Whatisthemainproblemwiththecurrenthealth-caresystem
46ManyjournalismcriticshaverecentlyarguedthatAmericanjournalismisundergoingaprofoundchangebecauseitnowregularlymixesentertainmentwiththenews.Criticstypicallyarguethatthisentertainmentisintheformofsensationalisticcelebrity-scandal.InfactthereisalonghistoryofsensationalisminAmericanjournalismafactdocumentedbyseveraljournalismhistorians.47Butthemainpointofcontemporarycriticsisthatsensationalismandtabloid-styletechniqueswhichwerealwayspresentonthefringesofjournalismarenowbecomingthenorminAmericanjournalismandarebeingadoptedbyso-called"mainstream"mediaaspartofeconomicsurvivalstrategiesinthecutthroatbusinessclimateofAmericanmassmedia.Thesecontemporarycriticstypicallyarguethatthereshouldbearigidboundarybetweenmainstreamjournalismandotherkindsofmasscommunicationsuchastabloidjournalism.48Thecriticsimplythatonekindofcommunicationismorelegitimateincertaincontextsthantheotherandeventhattabloidjournalismisnotjournalismatallbutisinsteadentertainment.Oneoftheclaimsmadebymassmediacriticsisthatjournalismjustrecentlygotworse.Butthismaybeaperennialcomplaint. 49Aquickreviewofjournalismcriticismrevealsthattheargumentthatjournalismusedtobebetterbutjustrecentlygotworseiscommonthroughoutthehistoryofjournalism.Thecritiquesusuallysaythatjournalismusedtomakebolddistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentbutnowcombinesthetwo.Thesecritiquesconstructthelogicalconclusionthatjournalismhassteadilydeclinedinqualityovermanyyears.50Takentogetherthecriticismsadduptotheconclusionsthatthepeoplewhousedtodojournalismwerebetterandhadhigherstandardsthanthoseoftodayandthatthedistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentusedtobegreater.ExamplesofthiscritiquecanbefoundineventheearliestdiscussionsofAmericanjournalism. ForinstancecriticspannedBenjaminDay’sNewYorkSunoftheearly1830sbecauseitoftencontainedhumorandsensationalnewsofsuicides.SimilarlysomecriticshatedJamesGordonBennett’sNewYorkHeraldofthemid-tolate-1830sbecauseitcontainedentertainingsatiricallywrittenpolicecourtreportsaswellasin-depthcrimestories.Bennettpioneeredthe"human-intereststory"orfeaturestorywhenhewroteinvividdetailin1836aboutthegrislymurderoftheprostituteHelenJewettquotinghermadamanddescribingJewett’sapartmentinminutedetail.Bennett’sday-by-daynarrativeoftheensuingsensationaltrialremindsusofhowjournalismandentertainingliteraturehavebeencombinedformanyyearstomakenewsworthystories"morepalatableforconsumption."Bennettwassoundlycriticizedbyhiscompetitorsandothersforblurringtheboundarybetweenjournalismandentertainment.Hisdetractorsmanyofthemhiscompetitorswagedwhattheycalleda"MoralWar"inthelate1830sagainstBennettandhisenjoyablebutsensationalisticnewspaper.TheymaintainedthatBennettwasa"deviant"journalistbecauseheblurredtheboundariesofjournalismbymakinghisnewspaperentertainingandpopular.Thoserunningthe"MoralWar"againstBennettwereunsuccessfulatrunninghimoutofthejournalismbusinessbuttheydidseriouslywoundhisbusiness. ManyjournalismcriticshaverecentlyarguedthatAmericanjournalismisundergoingaprofoundchangebecauseitnowregularlymixesentertainmentwiththenews
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Scientistshavelongbickeredoverwhetherhypocrisyisdrivenbyemotionorbyreason.TheroleofemotioninmoraljudgmentshasupendedtheEnlightenmentnotionthatourethicalsenseisbasedonhigh-mindedphilosophyandcognition.InanewstudythatwillnotexactlyrestoreyourfaithinhumannaturepsychologistsDavidDeStenoandPiercarloValdesoloofNortheasternUniversityinstructed94peopletoassignthemselvesandastrangeroneoftwotasksaneasyonelookingforhiddenimagesinaphotoorahardonesolvingmathandlogicproblems.Theparticipantscouldmaketheassignmentsthemselvesorhaveacomputerdoitrandomly.Theneveryonewasaskedhowfairlydidyouactfromextremelyunfairly1toextremelyfairly7.Nexttheywatchedsomeoneelsemaketheassignmentsandjudgedthatperson’sethics.Selflessnesswasavirtualno-show.87outof94peopleoptedfortheeasytaskandgavethenextguytheonerousone.Hypocrisyhowevershowedupwithbellson.everysinglepersonwhomadetheselfishchoicejudgedhisownbehaviormoreleniently—onaverage4.5vs.3.1—thanthatofsomeoneelsewhograbbedtheeasytaskforhimselfthescientistswillreportintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology.Thegapsuggestshowthatkindofhypocrisyispossible.Foronethingpeople’semotionsmighthavegottenthebetterofthem.WhenwejudgeourowntransgressionslessharshlythanwejudgethesametransgressionsinothersDeStenosaiditmaybebecausewehavethisautomaticgut-levelinstincttopreserveourself-image.AddsDanBatsonoftheUniversityofKansasapioneerinhypocrisystudiespeoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoralsinceitletsyouavoidcensureandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob.TotesttheroleofcognitioninhypocrisyDeStenohadvolunteersagainassignthemselvesaneasytaskandastrangeranonerousone.Butbeforejudgingthefairnessoftheiractionstheyhadtomemorizesevennumbers.Thisploykeepsthebrain’sthinkingregionstootieduptothinkmuchaboutanythingelseanditworkedhypocrisyvanished.Peoplejudgedtheirownselfishbehaviorasharshlyastheydidothers’strongevidencethatmoralhypocrisyrequiresahigh-ordercognitiveprocess.Whenthethinkingpartofthebrainisotherwiseengagedwe’releftwithgut-levelreactionsandweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers.Ifourgutknowswhenwehaveerredandjudgesourtransgressionsharshlymoralhypocrisymightnotbeasinevitableasifitwerethechildofemotionsandinstinctswhicharetoughertochangethanthinking.Sinceit’sacognitiveprocesswehavevolitionalcontroloveritarguesDeSteno.Thememorizationofthesevennumberswasusedinthetestto
Scientistshavelongbickeredoverwhetherhypocrisyisdrivenbyemotionorbyreason.TheroleofemotioninmoraljudgmentshasupendedtheEnlightenmentnotionthatourethicalsenseisbasedonhigh-mindedphilosophyandcognition.InanewstudythatwillnotexactlyrestoreyourfaithinhumannaturepsychologistsDavidDeStenoandPiercarloValdesoloofNortheasternUniversityinstructed94peopletoassignthemselvesandastrangeroneoftwotasksaneasyonelookingforhiddenimagesinaphotoorahardonesolvingmathandlogicproblems.Theparticipantscouldmaketheassignmentsthemselvesorhaveacomputerdoitrandomly.Theneveryonewasaskedhowfairlydidyouactfromextremelyunfairly1toextremelyfairly7.Nexttheywatchedsomeoneelsemaketheassignmentsandjudgedthatperson’sethics.Selflessnesswasavirtualno-show.87outof94peopleoptedfortheeasytaskandgavethenextguytheonerousone.Hypocrisyhowevershowedupwithbellson.everysinglepersonwhomadetheselfishchoicejudgedhisownbehaviormoreleniently—onaverage4.5vs.3.1—thanthatofsomeoneelsewhograbbedtheeasytaskforhimselfthescientistswillreportintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology.Thegapsuggestshowthatkindofhypocrisyispossible.Foronethingpeople’semotionsmighthavegottenthebetterofthem.WhenwejudgeourowntransgressionslessharshlythanwejudgethesametransgressionsinothersDeStenosaiditmaybebecausewehavethisautomaticgut-levelinstincttopreserveourself-image.AddsDanBatsonoftheUniversityofKansasapioneerinhypocrisystudiespeoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoralsinceitletsyouavoidcensureandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob.TotesttheroleofcognitioninhypocrisyDeStenohadvolunteersagainassignthemselvesaneasytaskandastrangeranonerousone.Butbeforejudgingthefairnessoftheiractionstheyhadtomemorizesevennumbers.Thisploykeepsthebrain’sthinkingregionstootieduptothinkmuchaboutanythingelseanditworkedhypocrisyvanished.Peoplejudgedtheirownselfishbehaviorasharshlyastheydidothers’strongevidencethatmoralhypocrisyrequiresahigh-ordercognitiveprocess.Whenthethinkingpartofthebrainisotherwiseengagedwe’releftwithgut-levelreactionsandweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers.Ifourgutknowswhenwehaveerredandjudgesourtransgressionsharshlymoralhypocrisymightnotbeasinevitableasifitwerethechildofemotionsandinstinctswhicharetoughertochangethanthinking.Sinceit’sacognitiveprocesswehavevolitionalcontroloveritarguesDeSteno.InthestudyDeStenoandValdesolofoundthat
AlmosteveryoneagreesthatAmerica’shealth-caresystemhastheincentivesallwrong.Underthepresentsystemdoctorsandhospitalsgetpaidfordoingmoreevenifaddedtestsoperationsandprocedureshavelittlechanceofimprovingpatients’health.SowhathappenswhensomeoneproposesthatwealtertheincentivestorewardbettercarenotmorecareWellRep.PaulRyanandRepublicansfoundout.Nosurprise:DemocratsslammedthemforendingMedicareasweknowit.Thispredictablypartisanreactionpreyingupontheanxietiesofretirees—mustdepressanyonewhocaresaboutthecountry’sfuture.ItisonlyaslightexaggerationtosaythatunlessweendMedicareasweknowitAmericaasweknowitwillend.Spiralinghealthspendingisthecruxofourfederalbudgetproblem.In1965—theyearCongresscreatedMedicareandMedicaid—healthspendingwas2.6percentofthebudget.In2010itwas26.5percent.TheObamaadministrationestimatesitwillbe30.3percentin2016.Bycontrastdefensespendingisabout20percent;scientificresearchanddevelopmentis4percent.Uncontrolledhealthspendingisn’tsimplycrowdingoutothergovernmentprograms;it’salsodampeningoveralllivingstandards.HealtheconomistsMichaelChernewRichardHirthandDavidCutlerrecentlyreportedthathigherhealthcostsconsumed35.7percentoftheincreaseinpercapitaincomefrom1999to2007.Theyalsoprojectthatunderreasonableassumptionsitcouldabsorbhalformoreofthegainbetweennowand2083.Ryanproposestochangethat.Beginningin2022newnotexistingMedicarebeneficiarieswouldreceiveavouchervaluedinitiallyatabout$8000.Thetheoryissimple.SuddenlyempoweredMedicarebeneficiarieswouldshopforlowest-costhighest-qualityinsuranceplansprovidingarequiredpackageofbenefits.Thehealth-caredeliverysystemwouldbeforcedtorestructurebyreducingcostsandimprovingquality.Doctorshospitalsandclinicswouldformnetworks;therewouldbemorecoordinationofcarehelpedbymoreinvestmentininformationtechnology;betteruseofdeductiblesandco-paymentswouldreduceunnecessarytripstodoctors’officesorclinics.It’sshocktherapy.WoulditworkNooneknowsbuttwothingsareclear.FirstasMedicaregoessogoestheentirehealth-caresystem.Medicareisthenation’slargestinsuranceprogramwith48millionrecipientsandspendinglastyearof$520billion.Secondfewdoubtthattoday’shealth-caresystemhasmuchwaste:medicalcarethatdoesnogood.UnderRyan’splanincentiveswouldshift.MedicarewouldnolongerbeanopenATM;thevoucherswouldlimittotalspending.Providerswouldfacepressurestodomorewithless;therewouldcertainlybechargesthatessentialcarewasbeingdenied.TheObamaadministrationarguesthatbetterresultscanbeachievedbymodifyingincentiveswithintheexistingsystem.Perhaps.Buthistorysuggestsskepticism.It’sRyan’sradicalismvs.PresidentObama’sremedypolicy.WhichisrealisticandwhichiswishfulthinkingBurdenedbyrunawayspendingMedicareasweknowitisgoingtoend.Theonlyquestionsarewhenandonwhoseterms.Thetextiswrittentoanswerthequestion
WiththeInternetfastbecomingthemostimportantcommunicationschannelitisuntenablefortheUnitedStatesnottohavearegulatortoensurenondiscriminatoryaccessguaranteeinterconnectivityamongrivalnetworksandprotectconsumersfrompotentialabuse.Yetthat’sexactlywheretheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitleftusallwhenitsaidthismonththattheFederalCommunicationsCommissiondidn’thavetheauthoritytoregulatetheInternet—andspecificallycouldnotforcethecablegiantComcasttostopblockingpeer-to-peersites.ThedecisioninthewordsoftheF.C.C.’sgeneralcounselAustinSchlickunderminestheagency’sabilitytoserveasthecoponthebeatfor21st-centurycommunicationsnetworks.ItalsoputsatriskbigchunksoftheF.C.C.’sstrategyforincreasingthereachofbroadbandInternettoallcornersofthecountryandfosteringmorecompetitionamongproviders.ChairmanJuliusGenachowskisaidthecommissionisnotplanningtoappealthedecisionandisstudyingitsoptions.TheF.C.C.couldtrytoforgeaheadwithitsbroadbandplandespitethecourt’sdecision.OrCongresscouldgivetheF.C.C.specificauthoritytoregulatebroadbandaccess.ButthecourttightlycircumscribedtheF.C.C.’sactions.AndwithRepublicansdeterminedtoopposeprettymuchanythingtheadministrationwantstheoddsofarationaldebateontheissuesareslim.Fortunatelythecommissionhasthetoolstofixthisproblem.ItcanreversetheBushadministration’spredictablyantiregulatorydecisiontodefinebroadbandInternetaccessasaninformationservicelikeGoogleorAmazonoverwhichithaslittleregulatorypower.Insteaditcandefinebroadbandasacommunicationsservicelikeaphonecompanyoverwhichthecommissionhasindisputableauthority.TheF.C.C.atthetimearguedthatalightregulatorytouchwouldfosteralternativetechnologiesandaggressivecompetitionamongproviders.ItassumedthattheInternetofthefuturewouldbedominatedbycompanieslikeAOLthatbundleaccesswithotherservicesjustifyingitsconflationofaccessandinformation.Anditclaimedthatitcouldstillregulatebroadbandaccessevenifitwasclassifiedasaservice.Allithadtodowasconvincethecourtsthatitwasnecessarytofurtherotherstatutorygoalslikepromotingtheroll-outofcompetitiveInternetservices.Thislegalargumentdidnotholdup.AnymovenowbytheF.C.C.toredefinebroadbandwouldsurelyunleashatorrentoflawsuitsbybroadbandprovidersbutthecommissionhassolidlegalgroundstodothat.TobeginwiththethreeargumentsadvancedbytheF.C.C.duringtheBushyearshaveprovedwrong.Ratherthanseeinganexplosionofnewcompetitionthebroadbandaccessbusinesshasconsolidatedtothepointthatmanyareasofthecountryhaveonlyoneprovider.BroadbandInternethasunbundledintoabusinesswithmanyunrelatedinformationserviceprovidersvyingforspaceonthepipelinesofafewproviders.Andmostpersuasively:broadbandaccessisprobablythemostimportantcommunicationsserviceofourtime.Onethatneedsarobustregulator.TheF.C.C.intendsto
46Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.Thisisnomeresurmiseofcongenitalmisanthropesbuttheexpressedfearofsomewhoareotherwisewelldisposedtoit.ThusThomasFriedmaninanotherwiseoptimisticallymindedbookneverthelesswritesasfollows: 47ThemoreIobservedthesystemofglobalizationatworkthemoreobviousitwasthatithadunleashedforest-crushingforcesofdevelopmentwhichifleftuncheckedhadthepotentialtodestroytheenvironmentanduprootculture... 48Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce. Somethingisasominousasallthatisarealthreatindeed.49AndyetdespitesuchapprehensionsFriedmanandotherswhothinklikehimbelievethateffectsofthismagnitudecansomehowbesidesteppedwithoutinterferingwiththetechnicizingsweepofglobalization.Isthatmerelywishfulthinkingoraninabilitytotakeinthefullimportofhisownwords AsFriedmanpointsouttheglobalizationthreatisatoncetonatureandtoculture:totheenvironmentandthewholeecologicalvarietyofplantsandanimalsaswellastothequalityofhumanlifeandtheculturaldiversityonwhichitdepends.Damagetonatureeventuallytranslatesitselfasdamagetocultureandviceversa.Thefateofmanyancientcivilizationsthatcollapsedbecausetheyoutgrewtheirnaturalresourcesishistoricalproofofthatfact.Ourmoderncivilizationissubjecttothesameself-limitingconditions.50ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.Thelossofnaturalspeciesthroughthedestructionoftheirnaturalhabitatisparalleledstepbystepbythelossofcultural"species"throughtheeliminationoftheirsocialhabitatwhichisrootedinanaturalenvironment.Theclearingofjunglesdoesnotmerelyexterminatetheanimalslivingtherebutalsothenativepeoplewhosehomeshavebeenthereforcountlessgenerations. Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce.
46ManyjournalismcriticshaverecentlyarguedthatAmericanjournalismisundergoingaprofoundchangebecauseitnowregularlymixesentertainmentwiththenews.Criticstypicallyarguethatthisentertainmentisintheformofsensationalisticcelebrity-scandal.InfactthereisalonghistoryofsensationalisminAmericanjournalismafactdocumentedbyseveraljournalismhistorians.47Butthemainpointofcontemporarycriticsisthatsensationalismandtabloid-styletechniqueswhichwerealwayspresentonthefringesofjournalismarenowbecomingthenorminAmericanjournalismandarebeingadoptedbyso-called"mainstream"mediaaspartofeconomicsurvivalstrategiesinthecutthroatbusinessclimateofAmericanmassmedia.Thesecontemporarycriticstypicallyarguethatthereshouldbearigidboundarybetweenmainstreamjournalismandotherkindsofmasscommunicationsuchastabloidjournalism.48Thecriticsimplythatonekindofcommunicationismorelegitimateincertaincontextsthantheotherandeventhattabloidjournalismisnotjournalismatallbutisinsteadentertainment.Oneoftheclaimsmadebymassmediacriticsisthatjournalismjustrecentlygotworse.Butthismaybeaperennialcomplaint. 49Aquickreviewofjournalismcriticismrevealsthattheargumentthatjournalismusedtobebetterbutjustrecentlygotworseiscommonthroughoutthehistoryofjournalism.Thecritiquesusuallysaythatjournalismusedtomakebolddistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentbutnowcombinesthetwo.Thesecritiquesconstructthelogicalconclusionthatjournalismhassteadilydeclinedinqualityovermanyyears.50Takentogetherthecriticismsadduptotheconclusionsthatthepeoplewhousedtodojournalismwerebetterandhadhigherstandardsthanthoseoftodayandthatthedistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentusedtobegreater.ExamplesofthiscritiquecanbefoundineventheearliestdiscussionsofAmericanjournalism. ForinstancecriticspannedBenjaminDay’sNewYorkSunoftheearly1830sbecauseitoftencontainedhumorandsensationalnewsofsuicides.SimilarlysomecriticshatedJamesGordonBennett’sNewYorkHeraldofthemid-tolate-1830sbecauseitcontainedentertainingsatiricallywrittenpolicecourtreportsaswellasin-depthcrimestories.Bennettpioneeredthe"human-intereststory"orfeaturestorywhenhewroteinvividdetailin1836aboutthegrislymurderoftheprostituteHelenJewettquotinghermadamanddescribingJewett’sapartmentinminutedetail.Bennett’sday-by-daynarrativeoftheensuingsensationaltrialremindsusofhowjournalismandentertainingliteraturehavebeencombinedformanyyearstomakenewsworthystories"morepalatableforconsumption."Bennettwassoundlycriticizedbyhiscompetitorsandothersforblurringtheboundarybetweenjournalismandentertainment.Hisdetractorsmanyofthemhiscompetitorswagedwhattheycalleda"MoralWar"inthelate1830sagainstBennettandhisenjoyablebutsensationalisticnewspaper.TheymaintainedthatBennettwasa"deviant"journalistbecauseheblurredtheboundariesofjournalismbymakinghisnewspaperentertainingandpopular.Thoserunningthe"MoralWar"againstBennettwereunsuccessfulatrunninghimoutofthejournalismbusinessbuttheydidseriouslywoundhisbusiness. Thecriticsimplythatonekindofcommunicationismorelegitimateincertaincontextsthantheotherandeventhattabloidjournalismisnotjournalismatallbutisinsteadentertainment.
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
WiththeInternetfastbecomingthemostimportantcommunicationschannelitisuntenablefortheUnitedStatesnottohavearegulatortoensurenondiscriminatoryaccessguaranteeinterconnectivityamongrivalnetworksandprotectconsumersfrompotentialabuse.Yetthat’sexactlywheretheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitleftusallwhenitsaidthismonththattheFederalCommunicationsCommissiondidn’thavetheauthoritytoregulatetheInternet—andspecificallycouldnotforcethecablegiantComcasttostopblockingpeer-to-peersites.ThedecisioninthewordsoftheF.C.C.’sgeneralcounselAustinSchlickunderminestheagency’sabilitytoserveasthecoponthebeatfor21st-centurycommunicationsnetworks.ItalsoputsatriskbigchunksoftheF.C.C.’sstrategyforincreasingthereachofbroadbandInternettoallcornersofthecountryandfosteringmorecompetitionamongproviders.ChairmanJuliusGenachowskisaidthecommissionisnotplanningtoappealthedecisionandisstudyingitsoptions.TheF.C.C.couldtrytoforgeaheadwithitsbroadbandplandespitethecourt’sdecision.OrCongresscouldgivetheF.C.C.specificauthoritytoregulatebroadbandaccess.ButthecourttightlycircumscribedtheF.C.C.’sactions.AndwithRepublicansdeterminedtoopposeprettymuchanythingtheadministrationwantstheoddsofarationaldebateontheissuesareslim.Fortunatelythecommissionhasthetoolstofixthisproblem.ItcanreversetheBushadministration’spredictablyantiregulatorydecisiontodefinebroadbandInternetaccessasaninformationservicelikeGoogleorAmazonoverwhichithaslittleregulatorypower.Insteaditcandefinebroadbandasacommunicationsservicelikeaphonecompanyoverwhichthecommissionhasindisputableauthority.TheF.C.C.atthetimearguedthatalightregulatorytouchwouldfosteralternativetechnologiesandaggressivecompetitionamongproviders.ItassumedthattheInternetofthefuturewouldbedominatedbycompanieslikeAOLthatbundleaccesswithotherservicesjustifyingitsconflationofaccessandinformation.Anditclaimedthatitcouldstillregulatebroadbandaccessevenifitwasclassifiedasaservice.Allithadtodowasconvincethecourtsthatitwasnecessarytofurtherotherstatutorygoalslikepromotingtheroll-outofcompetitiveInternetservices.Thislegalargumentdidnotholdup.AnymovenowbytheF.C.C.toredefinebroadbandwouldsurelyunleashatorrentoflawsuitsbybroadbandprovidersbutthecommissionhassolidlegalgroundstodothat.TobeginwiththethreeargumentsadvancedbytheF.C.C.duringtheBushyearshaveprovedwrong.Ratherthanseeinganexplosionofnewcompetitionthebroadbandaccessbusinesshasconsolidatedtothepointthatmanyareasofthecountryhaveonlyoneprovider.BroadbandInternethasunbundledintoabusinesswithmanyunrelatedinformationserviceprovidersvyingforspaceonthepipelinesofafewproviders.Andmostpersuasively:broadbandaccessisprobablythemostimportantcommunicationsserviceofourtime.Onethatneedsarobustregulator.WhatwaswrongwiththeF.C.C.’spolicyduringtheBushyears
Monday’sSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld’slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits. TheunderlyingissuewhichtheSupremeCourthasnowratifiedisWal-Mart’sauthoritarianstylebywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerksstockersandlower-tiermanagers. 41______. Inthe1950sand’60snorthwestArkansaswhereWal-Martgotitsstartwaspoorwhiteandruralinthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.TothesemenandwomentheburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.ThemenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarmwhiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany’sgreatestassets"declaredthefirm’s1973annualreport. 42______. Wal-MartattorneyshavearguedandtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweekthatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany’scultureitisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomentheyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitanmultinationaloperation. ButthatavoidsthemoreessentialpointnamelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws. TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrungsalariedassistantstoremanager.43______. WhyBecauseforallthechangethathassweptoverthecompanyatthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.RecognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagerswhoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordisciplineWal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstoreoftenhundredsofmilesaway.44______. 45______.Notunexpectedlysomemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands. Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitutefortheroleofunion.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebroughttheSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface. [A]ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpostbecauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomenandespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocareforwouldfinddifficulttoaccept. [B]Theobstaclestowomen’sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormorewhichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons. [C]Indeed.thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudicebutalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsitrootedinthecompany’sverybeginnings. [D]EspeciallyinrecentyearsWal-Mart’ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaythepricebutwomenwhoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployeespaymore. [E]Apatriarchal男性统治或者主宰的ethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA.Andthatcorporateculturewas"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinuedremarkablesuccessofWal-Mart"assertedDonSoderquistthecompany’schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990s. [F]Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunionwhichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissuesincludingpromotionandtransferpolicies. [G]Formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamiliesthiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.TrueWal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylifebutfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy. 42
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Fromthe18ththroughthemid-19thcenturywhaleoilprovidedlighttomuchoftheWesternworld.Atitspeakwhalingemployed70000peopleandwastheUnitedStates’fifth-largestindustry.TheU.S.stoodastheworld’sforemostwhaleslayer.Producingmillionsofgallonsofoileachyeartheindustrywaswidelyseenasunassailablewithadvocatesscoffingatwould-beilluminationsubstituteslike.lardoilandcamphene.Withoutwhaleoilsothethinkingwenttheworldwouldslidebackwardtowarddarkness.Bytoday’sstandardofcourseslaughteringwhalesisconsideredbarbaric.Twohundredyearsagotherewasnoenvironmentalmovementtospeakof.ButonewondersifthewhalersfindingthateachyeartheyneededtogofartherafieldfromNantucketIslandtokillmassiveseamammalseveraskedthemselves:whatwillhappenwhenwerunoutofwhalesSuchquestionstodayconstitutethecornerstoneoftheever-louderlogicofsustainability.Climatealarmistsandcampaigningenvironmentalistsarguethattheindustrializedcountriesoftheworldhavemadesizablewithdrawalsonnature’sfixedallowanceandunlesswechangeourwaysandsoonwearedoomedtoanabruptend.TaketherecentproclamationfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramwhicharguedthatgovernmentsshoulddramaticallycutbackontheuseofresources.Themantrahasbecomecommonplace:ourcurrentwayoflivingisselfishandunsustainable.Wearewreckingtheworld.Wearecuttingdowntherainforest.Wearepollutingthewater.Wearepollutingtheair.Wearekillingplantsandanimalsdestroyingtheozonelayerburningtheworldthroughouraddictiontofossilfuelsandleavingadevastatedplanetforfuturegenerations.Inotherwordshumanityisdoomed.Itisacompellingstorynodoubt.Itisalsofundamentallywrongandtheconsequencesaresevere.Tragicallyexaggeratedenvironmentalworries—andthewillingnessofsomanytobelievethem—couldultimatelypreventusfromfindingsmarterwaystoactuallyhelpourplanetandensurethehealthoftheenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Becauseourfearsnotwithstandingweactuallygetsmarter.AlthoughWesternerswereoncereliantonwhaleoilforlightingweneveractuallyranoutofwhales.WhyHighdemandandrisingpricesforwhaleoilspurredasearchforandinvestmentinthe19th-centuryversionofalternativeenergy.Firstkerosenefrompetroleumreplacedwhaleoil.Wedidn’trunoutofkeroseneeither:electricitysupplanteditbecauseitwasasuperiorwaytolightourplanet.Forgenerationswehaveconsistentlyunderestimatedourcapacityforinnovation.TherewasatimewhenweworriedthatallofLondonwouldbecoveredwithhorsemanurebecauseoftheincreasinguseofhorse-drawncarriages.ThankstotheinventionofthecarLondonhas7millioninhabitantstoday.Dungdisasteraverted.Infactwould-becatastropheshaveregularlybeenpushedasidethroughouthumanhistoryandsooftenbecauseofinnovationandtechnologicaldevelopment.Weneverjustcontinuetodothesameoldthing.Weinnovateandavoidtheanticipatedproblems.Fromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphwelearnthat
AlmosteveryoneagreesthatAmerica’shealth-caresystemhastheincentivesallwrong.Underthepresentsystemdoctorsandhospitalsgetpaidfordoingmoreevenifaddedtestsoperationsandprocedureshavelittlechanceofimprovingpatients’health.SowhathappenswhensomeoneproposesthatwealtertheincentivestorewardbettercarenotmorecareWellRep.PaulRyanandRepublicansfoundout.Nosurprise:DemocratsslammedthemforendingMedicareasweknowit.Thispredictablypartisanreactionpreyingupontheanxietiesofretirees—mustdepressanyonewhocaresaboutthecountry’sfuture.ItisonlyaslightexaggerationtosaythatunlessweendMedicareasweknowitAmericaasweknowitwillend.Spiralinghealthspendingisthecruxofourfederalbudgetproblem.In1965—theyearCongresscreatedMedicareandMedicaid—healthspendingwas2.6percentofthebudget.In2010itwas26.5percent.TheObamaadministrationestimatesitwillbe30.3percentin2016.Bycontrastdefensespendingisabout20percent;scientificresearchanddevelopmentis4percent.Uncontrolledhealthspendingisn’tsimplycrowdingoutothergovernmentprograms;it’salsodampeningoveralllivingstandards.HealtheconomistsMichaelChernewRichardHirthandDavidCutlerrecentlyreportedthathigherhealthcostsconsumed35.7percentoftheincreaseinpercapitaincomefrom1999to2007.Theyalsoprojectthatunderreasonableassumptionsitcouldabsorbhalformoreofthegainbetweennowand2083.Ryanproposestochangethat.Beginningin2022newnotexistingMedicarebeneficiarieswouldreceiveavouchervaluedinitiallyatabout$8000.Thetheoryissimple.SuddenlyempoweredMedicarebeneficiarieswouldshopforlowest-costhighest-qualityinsuranceplansprovidingarequiredpackageofbenefits.Thehealth-caredeliverysystemwouldbeforcedtorestructurebyreducingcostsandimprovingquality.Doctorshospitalsandclinicswouldformnetworks;therewouldbemorecoordinationofcarehelpedbymoreinvestmentininformationtechnology;betteruseofdeductiblesandco-paymentswouldreduceunnecessarytripstodoctors’officesorclinics.It’sshocktherapy.WoulditworkNooneknowsbuttwothingsareclear.FirstasMedicaregoessogoestheentirehealth-caresystem.Medicareisthenation’slargestinsuranceprogramwith48millionrecipientsandspendinglastyearof$520billion.Secondfewdoubtthattoday’shealth-caresystemhasmuchwaste:medicalcarethatdoesnogood.UnderRyan’splanincentiveswouldshift.MedicarewouldnolongerbeanopenATM;thevoucherswouldlimittotalspending.Providerswouldfacepressurestodomorewithless;therewouldcertainlybechargesthatessentialcarewasbeingdenied.TheObamaadministrationarguesthatbetterresultscanbeachievedbymodifyingincentiveswithintheexistingsystem.Perhaps.Buthistorysuggestsskepticism.It’sRyan’sradicalismvs.PresidentObama’sremedypolicy.WhichisrealisticandwhichiswishfulthinkingBurdenedbyrunawayspendingMedicareasweknowitisgoingtoend.Theonlyquestionsarewhenandonwhoseterms.ThemedicarereformproposedbyRyanwouldhavetheeffectof
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
46ManyjournalismcriticshaverecentlyarguedthatAmericanjournalismisundergoingaprofoundchangebecauseitnowregularlymixesentertainmentwiththenews.Criticstypicallyarguethatthisentertainmentisintheformofsensationalisticcelebrity-scandal.InfactthereisalonghistoryofsensationalisminAmericanjournalismafactdocumentedbyseveraljournalismhistorians.47Butthemainpointofcontemporarycriticsisthatsensationalismandtabloid-styletechniqueswhichwerealwayspresentonthefringesofjournalismarenowbecomingthenorminAmericanjournalismandarebeingadoptedbyso-called"mainstream"mediaaspartofeconomicsurvivalstrategiesinthecutthroatbusinessclimateofAmericanmassmedia.Thesecontemporarycriticstypicallyarguethatthereshouldbearigidboundarybetweenmainstreamjournalismandotherkindsofmasscommunicationsuchastabloidjournalism.48Thecriticsimplythatonekindofcommunicationismorelegitimateincertaincontextsthantheotherandeventhattabloidjournalismisnotjournalismatallbutisinsteadentertainment.Oneoftheclaimsmadebymassmediacriticsisthatjournalismjustrecentlygotworse.Butthismaybeaperennialcomplaint. 49Aquickreviewofjournalismcriticismrevealsthattheargumentthatjournalismusedtobebetterbutjustrecentlygotworseiscommonthroughoutthehistoryofjournalism.Thecritiquesusuallysaythatjournalismusedtomakebolddistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentbutnowcombinesthetwo.Thesecritiquesconstructthelogicalconclusionthatjournalismhassteadilydeclinedinqualityovermanyyears.50Takentogetherthecriticismsadduptotheconclusionsthatthepeoplewhousedtodojournalismwerebetterandhadhigherstandardsthanthoseoftodayandthatthedistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentusedtobegreater.ExamplesofthiscritiquecanbefoundineventheearliestdiscussionsofAmericanjournalism. ForinstancecriticspannedBenjaminDay’sNewYorkSunoftheearly1830sbecauseitoftencontainedhumorandsensationalnewsofsuicides.SimilarlysomecriticshatedJamesGordonBennett’sNewYorkHeraldofthemid-tolate-1830sbecauseitcontainedentertainingsatiricallywrittenpolicecourtreportsaswellasin-depthcrimestories.Bennettpioneeredthe"human-intereststory"orfeaturestorywhenhewroteinvividdetailin1836aboutthegrislymurderoftheprostituteHelenJewettquotinghermadamanddescribingJewett’sapartmentinminutedetail.Bennett’sday-by-daynarrativeoftheensuingsensationaltrialremindsusofhowjournalismandentertainingliteraturehavebeencombinedformanyyearstomakenewsworthystories"morepalatableforconsumption."Bennettwassoundlycriticizedbyhiscompetitorsandothersforblurringtheboundarybetweenjournalismandentertainment.Hisdetractorsmanyofthemhiscompetitorswagedwhattheycalleda"MoralWar"inthelate1830sagainstBennettandhisenjoyablebutsensationalisticnewspaper.TheymaintainedthatBennettwasa"deviant"journalistbecauseheblurredtheboundariesofjournalismbymakinghisnewspaperentertainingandpopular.Thoserunningthe"MoralWar"againstBennettwereunsuccessfulatrunninghimoutofthejournalismbusinessbuttheydidseriouslywoundhisbusiness. Takentogetherthecriticismsadduptotheconclusionsthatthepeoplewhousedtodojournalismwerebetterandhadhigherstandardsthanthoseoftodayandthatthedistinctionsbetweennewsandentertainmentusedtobegreater.
Inoursocietywemustcommunicatewithotherpeople.Agreatdealofcommunicatingisperformedonaperson-to-person1bythesimplemeansofspeech.Ifwetravelinbusesstandinfootballmatch2wearelikelytohaveconversations3wegiveinformationoropinionsandsometimeshaveourviews4byothermembersofsociety. Face-to-facecontactis5theonlyformofcommunicationandduringthelasttwohundredyearsthe6ofmasscommunicationhasbecomeoneofthedominatingfactorsofcontemporarysociety.Twothings7othershavecausedtheenormousgrowthofthecommunicationindustry.Firstlyinventivenesshas8advancesinprintingphotographyandsoon.Secondlyspeedhasrevolutionizedthe9andreceptionofcommunicationssothatlocalnewsoften10abackseattonationalnews. Nolongeristhepossessionofinformation11toaprivilegedminority.Fortyyearsagopeopleusedto12tothecinemabutnowfarmorepeoplesitathomeandturnontheTVtowatchaprogramthat13intomillionsofhouses.Communicationisnolongermerelyconcerned14thetransmissionofinformation.Themoderncommunicationsindustryinfluencesthewaypeopleliveinsocietyandbroadenstheirhorizonsbyallowing15toinformationeducationandentertainment.Theprintingbroadcastingandadvertisingindustriesareall16withinformingeducatingandentertaining.17agreatdealofthematerialcommunicatedbythemassmediaisveryvaluabletotheindividualandtothesociety18whichheisapartthevastmodernnetworkofcommunicationsis19toabuse.Howeverthemassmediaarewithusforbetterforworseandthereisnoturning20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
WiththeInternetfastbecomingthemostimportantcommunicationschannelitisuntenablefortheUnitedStatesnottohavearegulatortoensurenondiscriminatoryaccessguaranteeinterconnectivityamongrivalnetworksandprotectconsumersfrompotentialabuse.Yetthat’sexactlywheretheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitleftusallwhenitsaidthismonththattheFederalCommunicationsCommissiondidn’thavetheauthoritytoregulatetheInternet—andspecificallycouldnotforcethecablegiantComcasttostopblockingpeer-to-peersites.ThedecisioninthewordsoftheF.C.C.’sgeneralcounselAustinSchlickunderminestheagency’sabilitytoserveasthecoponthebeatfor21st-centurycommunicationsnetworks.ItalsoputsatriskbigchunksoftheF.C.C.’sstrategyforincreasingthereachofbroadbandInternettoallcornersofthecountryandfosteringmorecompetitionamongproviders.ChairmanJuliusGenachowskisaidthecommissionisnotplanningtoappealthedecisionandisstudyingitsoptions.TheF.C.C.couldtrytoforgeaheadwithitsbroadbandplandespitethecourt’sdecision.OrCongresscouldgivetheF.C.C.specificauthoritytoregulatebroadbandaccess.ButthecourttightlycircumscribedtheF.C.C.’sactions.AndwithRepublicansdeterminedtoopposeprettymuchanythingtheadministrationwantstheoddsofarationaldebateontheissuesareslim.Fortunatelythecommissionhasthetoolstofixthisproblem.ItcanreversetheBushadministration’spredictablyantiregulatorydecisiontodefinebroadbandInternetaccessasaninformationservicelikeGoogleorAmazonoverwhichithaslittleregulatorypower.Insteaditcandefinebroadbandasacommunicationsservicelikeaphonecompanyoverwhichthecommissionhasindisputableauthority.TheF.C.C.atthetimearguedthatalightregulatorytouchwouldfosteralternativetechnologiesandaggressivecompetitionamongproviders.ItassumedthattheInternetofthefuturewouldbedominatedbycompanieslikeAOLthatbundleaccesswithotherservicesjustifyingitsconflationofaccessandinformation.Anditclaimedthatitcouldstillregulatebroadbandaccessevenifitwasclassifiedasaservice.Allithadtodowasconvincethecourtsthatitwasnecessarytofurtherotherstatutorygoalslikepromotingtheroll-outofcompetitiveInternetservices.Thislegalargumentdidnotholdup.AnymovenowbytheF.C.C.toredefinebroadbandwouldsurelyunleashatorrentoflawsuitsbybroadbandprovidersbutthecommissionhassolidlegalgroundstodothat.TobeginwiththethreeargumentsadvancedbytheF.C.C.duringtheBushyearshaveprovedwrong.Ratherthanseeinganexplosionofnewcompetitionthebroadbandaccessbusinesshasconsolidatedtothepointthatmanyareasofthecountryhaveonlyoneprovider.BroadbandInternethasunbundledintoabusinesswithmanyunrelatedinformationserviceprovidersvyingforspaceonthepipelinesofafewproviders.Andmostpersuasively:broadbandaccessisprobablythemostimportantcommunicationsserviceofourtime.Onethatneedsarobustregulator.TheRepublicans
46Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.Thisisnomeresurmiseofcongenitalmisanthropesbuttheexpressedfearofsomewhoareotherwisewelldisposedtoit.ThusThomasFriedmaninanotherwiseoptimisticallymindedbookneverthelesswritesasfollows: 47ThemoreIobservedthesystemofglobalizationatworkthemoreobviousitwasthatithadunleashedforest-crushingforcesofdevelopmentwhichifleftuncheckedhadthepotentialtodestroytheenvironmentanduprootculture... 48Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce. Somethingisasominousasallthatisarealthreatindeed.49AndyetdespitesuchapprehensionsFriedmanandotherswhothinklikehimbelievethateffectsofthismagnitudecansomehowbesidesteppedwithoutinterferingwiththetechnicizingsweepofglobalization.Isthatmerelywishfulthinkingoraninabilitytotakeinthefullimportofhisownwords AsFriedmanpointsouttheglobalizationthreatisatoncetonatureandtoculture:totheenvironmentandthewholeecologicalvarietyofplantsandanimalsaswellastothequalityofhumanlifeandtheculturaldiversityonwhichitdepends.Damagetonatureeventuallytranslatesitselfasdamagetocultureandviceversa.Thefateofmanyancientcivilizationsthatcollapsedbecausetheyoutgrewtheirnaturalresourcesishistoricalproofofthatfact.Ourmoderncivilizationissubjecttothesameself-limitingconditions.50ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.Thelossofnaturalspeciesthroughthedestructionoftheirnaturalhabitatisparalleledstepbystepbythelossofcultural"species"throughtheeliminationoftheirsocialhabitatwhichisrootedinanaturalenvironment.Theclearingofjunglesdoesnotmerelyexterminatetheanimalslivingtherebutalsothenativepeoplewhosehomeshavebeenthereforcountlessgenerations. ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Directions: Writeanessayofabout200wordsentitled"UniversityGraduatesasVillageOfficials"basedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldinterpretthemeaningofthedrawingandthenmakecom-mentaboutwhatitmeansforuniversitygraduates
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Monday’sSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld’slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits. TheunderlyingissuewhichtheSupremeCourthasnowratifiedisWal-Mart’sauthoritarianstylebywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerksstockersandlower-tiermanagers. 41______. Inthe1950sand’60snorthwestArkansaswhereWal-Martgotitsstartwaspoorwhiteandruralinthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.TothesemenandwomentheburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.ThemenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarmwhiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany’sgreatestassets"declaredthefirm’s1973annualreport. 42______. Wal-MartattorneyshavearguedandtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweekthatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany’scultureitisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomentheyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitanmultinationaloperation. ButthatavoidsthemoreessentialpointnamelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws. TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrungsalariedassistantstoremanager.43______. WhyBecauseforallthechangethathassweptoverthecompanyatthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.RecognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagerswhoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordisciplineWal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstoreoftenhundredsofmilesaway.44______. 45______.Notunexpectedlysomemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands. Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitutefortheroleofunion.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebroughttheSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface. [A]ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpostbecauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomenandespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocareforwouldfinddifficulttoaccept. [B]Theobstaclestowomen’sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormorewhichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons. [C]Indeed.thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudicebutalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsitrootedinthecompany’sverybeginnings. [D]EspeciallyinrecentyearsWal-Mart’ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaythepricebutwomenwhoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployeespaymore. [E]Apatriarchal男性统治或者主宰的ethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA.Andthatcorporateculturewas"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinuedremarkablesuccessofWal-Mart"assertedDonSoderquistthecompany’schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990s. [F]Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunionwhichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissuesincludingpromotionandtransferpolicies. [G]Formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamiliesthiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.TrueWal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylifebutfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy. 44
Directions: Thefollowingpicturesuggeststheadvantagesofdevelopmentinscienceandtechnologyandthedisastersitmaycause.Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthepicture.Yourcompositionshouldinclude: 1descriptionofthepicture; 2analysisoftheimplicationsand 3yourcomments.

Directions: The following is a picture about leadership. Write an essay of 160～200 words based on t...

包含此试题的试卷

你可能感兴趣的试题

热门试题

热门题库