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旋覆代赭石汤与橘皮竹茹汤中均含有的药物是( )
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旋覆代赭汤橘皮竹茹汤中相同的药物是
半夏、生姜
生姜、大枣
竹茹、生姜
生姜、橘皮
生姜、柿蒂
温胆汤与橘皮竹茹汤组成中均含有的药物是
人参 甘草
半夏 竹茹
竹茹 茯苓
竹茹 甘草
竹叶 生姜
旋覆花汤的药物组成中没有
旋覆花
代赭石
葱
新绛
旋覆代赭石汤与橘皮竹茹汤中均含有的药物是
人参,生姜
人参,半夏
陈皮,半夏
桔梗,半夏
茯苓,枇杷叶
旋覆代赭汤与橘皮竹茹汤中均含有的药物是
人参、生姜
人参、半夏
陈皮、半夏
桔梗、半夏
茯苓、枇杷叶
旋覆代赭汤与橘皮竹茹汤中均含有的药物是
半夏、茯苓、生姜、大枣
半夏、茯苓、生姜、甘草
人参、半夏、甘草、大枣
甘草、生姜、人参、大枣
甘草、白术、大枣、人参
旋覆代赭汤中臣药是
旋覆花
代赭石
人参、生姜
半夏、大枣
旋覆花、代赭石
旋覆代赭汤中君药是
旋覆花
代赭石
人参、生姜
半夏、大枣
旋覆花、代赭石
组成药物中含有人参甘草大枣的方剂是
炙甘草汤
半夏泻心汤
旋覆代赭汤
橘皮竹茹汤
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FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Whichofthefollowingcan’tweinferaccordingtotheauthor
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. TherecouldbenorealcattlemeninMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightbecause
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 42
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbyaleapinthoughtisparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. MelissaMahan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
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