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Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he’d done it hundreds of t...
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Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 7
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At＄7itisabargain. WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonthatbreakfastisessential
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis＄4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany＄802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming＄100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. ThetermsunkcostLine4Paragraph9mayprobablymeanthat
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity—introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR＆Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelatedtoautomationinthehome. Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare
Text3 Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"stabilityandgrowthpact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministersknownasthe"Euro-group.’Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"FrancoGermansteamroller’asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheEuroarea'sfinanceministers
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 17
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Fromthebeginningofthetextwecanlearnthat
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics;thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41______.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42______."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43______. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44______.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM"oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45______.The"man-educate"manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 41
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity—introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR＆Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelatedtoautomationinthehome. Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR＆Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience.
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Speakingofthenumberofdigitaltelevisionssoldin2003theauthorimpliesthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 13
Text4 Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent—madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpayWasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive. Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 1
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Theattitudeofeconomiststowardtheprospectofdollaragainsteurois
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Text4 Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent—madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpayWasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive. Thegovernmentinfaceofthedangerousstateofaffairshasmadegreateffortsto
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 15
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 19
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 3
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 11
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics;thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41______.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42______."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43______. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44______.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM"oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45______.The"man-educate"manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 45
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics;thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41______.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42______."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43______. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44______.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM"oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45______.The"man-educate"manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 43
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis＄4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany＄802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming＄100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. InthetextthevaccineresearchagainstHPVshowsthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 9
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 5
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At＄7itisabargain. Speakingoftherisingeggconsumptiontheauthorimpliesthedominantfactoraccountingforthisisthat
Directions.Yesterdayyoulearntinanewspaperadvertisementthatthereisajobvacancyinaforeign-ownedcompany.Whatisbeingrecruitedisasecretaryforthemanager.Writealettertoitspersonneldepartment1showingyourintentionfortheposition2displayingyourqualifications3andexpressingyourinquiryaboutanjobinterview.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout＄500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas＄15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
Text3 Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"stabilityandgrowthpact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministersknownasthe"Euro-group.’Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"FrancoGermansteamroller’asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. TheEuro'sfiscalstraitjacketismentionedtoshow
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove＄1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto＄1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto＄1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped＄1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "＄1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround＄1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Accordingtothetextthedollar
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