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The most widespread fallacy (谬误) of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are cau...
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Thecommoncoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillnesswhic
警戒也误谬也喜乐也
五Thecommoncoldistheworld’smostwidespreadillnesswhi
the experiments on the common cold
the fallacy about the common cold
the reason and the way people catch colds
the continued spread of common colds
Thecommoncoldistheworld’smostwidespreadillnesswhic
Bythetimethewar{{U}}brokeout{{/U}}mostofthepeopleh
began
spoiled the country
became less widespread
intervened
SheisunderthedelusionthatI'mgoingtogiveheralotofmo
hypothesis
miracle
condition
fallacy
阅读填空Logicisthescienceofthinking.Isaidclearingmythr
八种谬
Thecommoncoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillnesswhic
不属于以谬制谬法的是
引申荒谬
以误显误
以子之矛攻己之盾
以子之矛攻子之盾
Thecommoncoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillnesswhic
有治疗胆道蛔虫作用的穴位是
合谷
禾髎
巨谬
迎香
颧谬
Thecommoncoldistheworld’smostwidespreadillnesswhic
Thecommoncoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillnesswhic
Thecommoncoldistheworld’smostwidespreadillnesswhic
the experiments on the common cold
the fallacy about the common cold
the reason and the way people catch colds
the continued spread of common colds
Thecommoncoldistheworld’smostwidespreadillnesswhic
Thecommoncoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillnesswhic
Themostwidespreadfallacy谬误ofallisthatcoldsarecause
they are working in the isolated arctic regions.
they are writing reports in terribly cold weather.
they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions.
they are coming into contact with the outside worl
Sheisunderthe{{U}}delusion{{/U}}thatI'mgoingtogive
hypothesis
miracle
condition
fallacy
在第3＃后孔中的穴位是
上谬
中谬
次滚
下浮
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ADolphinandanAstronomer Onedayin1963adolphinnamedElvarandafamousastronomerCarlSaganwereplayingalittlegame.Theastronomerwasvisitinganinstitutewhichwaslookingintothewaydolphinscommunicatewitheachother.Saganwasstandingontheedgeofoneofthetankswhereseveralofthesefriendlyhighlyintelligentcreatureswerekept.Elvarhadjustswumupalongsidehimandhadturnedonhisback. ThedolphinwantedSagantoscratchhisstomachagainastheastronomerhaddonetwicebefore.ElvarlookedupatSaganwaiting.Thenafteraminuteorsothedolphinleaptupthroughthewaterandmadeasoundjustlikethewordmore.Theastonishedastronomerwenttothedirectoroftheinstituteandtoldhimabouttheincident.’Ohyes.That’soneofthewordsheknows’thedirectorsaidshowingnosurpriseatall. Dolphinshavebiggerbraininproportiontotheirbodysizethanhumanshaveandithasbeenknownforalongtimethattheycanmakeanumberofsounds.Whatismorethesesoundsseemtohavedifferentfunctionssuchaswarningeachotherofdanger.Soundtravelsmuchfasterandmuchfurtherinwaterthanitdoesinair.Thatiswhythepartsofthebrainthatdealwithsoundaremuchbetterdevelopedindolphinthaninhumans.Butcanitbesaidthatdolphinshavea’language’intherealsenseoftheword?Scientistsdon’tagreeonthis. Alanguageisnotjustacollectionofsoundsorevenwords.Alanguagehasastructureandwhatwecallagrammar.Thestructureandgrammarofalanguagehelptogiveitmeaning.ForexamplethetwoquestionsWholovesMary?andWhodoesMarylove?meanverydifferentthings.Ifyoustoptothinkaboutityouwillseethatthisdifferencedoesn’tcomefromthewordsinthequestionbutfromthedifferenceinstructure.ThatiswhythequestionCandolphinsspeak?can’tbeanswereduntilwefindoutifdolphinsnotonlymakesoundsbutalsoarrangetheminagrammaticalorderwhichaffectstheirmeaning. Dolphinsarethemostusefulanimalstohumans.
ADolphinandanAstronomer Onedayin1963adolphinnamedElvarandafamousastronomerCarlSaganwereplayingalittlegame.Theastronomerwasvisitinganinstitutewhichwaslookingintothewaydolphinscommunicatewitheachother.Saganwasstandingontheedgeofoneofthetankswhereseveralofthesefriendlyhighlyintelligentcreatureswerekept.Elvarhadjustswumupalongsidehimandhadturnedonhisback. ThedolphinwantedSagantoscratchhisstomachagainastheastronomerhaddonetwicebefore.ElvarlookedupatSaganwaiting.Thenafteraminuteorsothedolphinleaptupthroughthewaterandmadeasoundjustlikethewordmore.Theastonishedastronomerwenttothedirectoroftheinstituteandtoldhimabouttheincident.’Ohyes.That’soneofthewordsheknows’thedirectorsaidshowingnosurpriseatall. Dolphinshavebiggerbraininproportiontotheirbodysizethanhumanshaveandithasbeenknownforalongtimethattheycanmakeanumberofsounds.Whatismorethesesoundsseemtohavedifferentfunctionssuchaswarningeachotherofdanger.Soundtravelsmuchfasterandmuchfurtherinwaterthanitdoesinair.Thatiswhythepartsofthebrainthatdealwithsoundaremuchbetterdevelopedindolphinthaninhumans.Butcanitbesaidthatdolphinshavea’language’intherealsenseoftheword?Scientistsdon’tagreeonthis. Alanguageisnotjustacollectionofsoundsorevenwords.Alanguagehasastructureandwhatwecallagrammar.Thestructureandgrammarofalanguagehelptogiveitmeaning.ForexamplethetwoquestionsWholovesMary?andWhodoesMarylove?meanverydifferentthings.Ifyoustoptothinkaboutityouwillseethatthisdifferencedoesn’tcomefromthewordsinthequestionbutfromthedifferenceinstructure.ThatiswhythequestionCandolphinsspeak?can’tbeanswereduntilwefindoutifdolphinsnotonlymakesoundsbutalsoarrangetheminagrammaticalorderwhichaffectstheirmeaning. Somescientistsbelievethatdolphinshavealanguageoftheirown.
Redflagwasplacedthereasatokenofdanger.
Hekeptin{{U}}constant{{/U}}contactwithhisfamilywhilehewasinAustralia
Thesteadilyrisingcostoflaboronthewaterfronthasgreatlyincreasedthecostofshippingcargobywater.
Wehadtroublefindinga{{U}}pure{{/U}}watersupply
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
Thestormcaused{{U}}severe{{/U}}damage.
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
第三篇TheBodyClock WhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYork?Theanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology. Deepinsidethebrainthereisa’clock’thatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycleslevelsofalertnessperformancemoodhormonelevelsdigestionbodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock. Thebodyclockprogrammesustobesleepytwiceadaybetween3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon. Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravellers’maladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclockwhichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplexnotallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatoneratewhileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether. Thoughweliveina24-hourdaythenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingto’shrink’ourday. Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights. Whenflyingwestyouare’extendingyourdaythustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolve’shrinking’orreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency. Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandscheduleschanginglightandactivitylevelstryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawakedisruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours. Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplanesupposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone. Soourbodyclocktrulycan’govern’us. Theroleofthebodyclockisto
IthasbeensaidthattheActsprovidedanewcourseofactionanddidnotmerelyregulateorenlargeanoldone.
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
ADolphinandanAstronomer Onedayin1963adolphinnamedElvarandafamousastronomerCarlSaganwereplayingalittlegame.Theastronomerwasvisitinganinstitutewhichwaslookingintothewaydolphinscommunicatewitheachother.Saganwasstandingontheedgeofoneofthetankswhereseveralofthesefriendlyhighlyintelligentcreatureswerekept.Elvarhadjustswumupalongsidehimandhadturnedonhisback. ThedolphinwantedSagantoscratchhisstomachagainastheastronomerhaddonetwicebefore.ElvarlookedupatSaganwaiting.Thenafteraminuteorsothedolphinleaptupthroughthewaterandmadeasoundjustlikethewordmore.Theastonishedastronomerwenttothedirectoroftheinstituteandtoldhimabouttheincident.’Ohyes.That’soneofthewordsheknows’thedirectorsaidshowingnosurpriseatall. Dolphinshavebiggerbraininproportiontotheirbodysizethanhumanshaveandithasbeenknownforalongtimethattheycanmakeanumberofsounds.Whatismorethesesoundsseemtohavedifferentfunctionssuchaswarningeachotherofdanger.Soundtravelsmuchfasterandmuchfurtherinwaterthanitdoesinair.Thatiswhythepartsofthebrainthatdealwithsoundaremuchbetterdevelopedindolphinthaninhumans.Butcanitbesaidthatdolphinshavea’language’intherealsenseoftheword?Scientistsdon’tagreeonthis. Alanguageisnotjustacollectionofsoundsorevenwords.Alanguagehasastructureandwhatwecallagrammar.Thestructureandgrammarofalanguagehelptogiveitmeaning.ForexamplethetwoquestionsWholovesMary?andWhodoesMarylove?meanverydifferentthings.Ifyoustoptothinkaboutityouwillseethatthisdifferencedoesn’tcomefromthewordsinthequestionbutfromthedifferenceinstructure.ThatiswhythequestionCandolphinsspeak?can’tbeanswereduntilwefindoutifdolphinsnotonlymakesoundsbutalsoarrangetheminagrammaticalorderwhichaffectstheirmeaning. ThedolphinleaptupintotheairbecauseSaganwastoonearthewater.
第一篇SaltyRicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep渗透in.inLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. Theattitudeoftheauthortowardstheresearchprojectis
Thecitycentrewas{{U}}wipedout{{/U}}bythebomb
Thestorywaspublishedwiththe{{U}}sole{{/U}}purposeofsellingnewspapers
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
第二篇LivingwithComputer AftertoolongontheNetevenaphonecallcanbeashock.Myboyfriend’sLiverpudianaccentsuddenlybecomeshardtounderstandaftertheclarityofhiswordsonscreen;asecretary’stoneseemsmorerejectingthanI’dimagineditwouldbe.Timeitselfbecomesfluid-hoursbecomeminutesandalternatelysecondsstretchintodays.Weekendsonceahighlightofmyweekarenowjusttwoordinarydays. ForthelastthreeyearssinceIstoppedworkingasaproducerforCharlieRoseIhavedonemuchofmyworkasatele-commuter远程交谈者.IsubmitarticlesandeditthemviaE-mailandcommunicatewithcolleaguesonInternetmailinglists.MyboyfriendslivesinEnglandsomuchofourrelationshipiscomputer-mediated. IfIdesiredIcouldstayinsideforweekswithoutwantinganything.Icanorderfoodandmanagemymoneyloveandwork.InfactattimesIhavespentaslongasthreeweeksaloneathomegoingoutonlytogetmailandbuynewspapersandgroceries.Iwatchedmostoftheblizzard暴风雪of’96onTV. Butafterawhilelifeitselfbeginstofeelunreal.IstarttofeelasthoughI’vemergedwithmymachinestakingdatainspittingthembackoutjustanothernode节点ontheNet.Othersonlinereportthesamesymptoms.Westarttostronglydisliketheoutsideformsofsocializing.It’slikeattendinganA.A.meetinginabarwitheveryoneholdingahalf-sippeddrink.WehavebecometheNetopponents’worstnightmare. Whatfirstseemedlikealuxurycrawlingfrombedtocomputernotworryingabouthairandclothesandfacehasbecomeanavoidancealackofdiscipline.Andonceyoustartreplacingrealhumancontactwithcyber-interaction网上交流comingbackoutofthecavecanbequitedifficult. AttimesIturnonthetelevisionandjustleaveittochatterinthebackgroundsomethingthatI’dneverdonepreviously.Thevoicesoftheprogramssoothe安慰mebutthenI’mjarred使感不快bythecommercials.Ifindmyselfsuckedinbysoapoperasorcompulsively强制性地needingtokeepupwiththelatestnewsandtheweather.DatelineFrontlineNightlineCNNeverypossibleangleofeverystoryoverandoverandoverevenwhentheyareofnopossibleusetome.Workmoversfromforegroundtobackground. Thepassageimpliesthatthewriterandherboyfriendlivein
Heshiftedhispositionalittleinorderto{{U}}alleviate{{/U}}thepaininhisleg.
第二篇LivingwithComputer AftertoolongontheNetevenaphonecallcanbeashock.Myboyfriend’sLiverpudianaccentsuddenlybecomeshardtounderstandaftertheclarityofhiswordsonscreen;asecretary’stoneseemsmorerejectingthanI’dimagineditwouldbe.Timeitselfbecomesfluid-hoursbecomeminutesandalternatelysecondsstretchintodays.Weekendsonceahighlightofmyweekarenowjusttwoordinarydays. ForthelastthreeyearssinceIstoppedworkingasaproducerforCharlieRoseIhavedonemuchofmyworkasatele-commuter远程交谈者.IsubmitarticlesandeditthemviaE-mailandcommunicatewithcolleaguesonInternetmailinglists.MyboyfriendslivesinEnglandsomuchofourrelationshipiscomputer-mediated. IfIdesiredIcouldstayinsideforweekswithoutwantinganything.Icanorderfoodandmanagemymoneyloveandwork.InfactattimesIhavespentaslongasthreeweeksaloneathomegoingoutonlytogetmailandbuynewspapersandgroceries.Iwatchedmostoftheblizzard暴风雪of’96onTV. Butafterawhilelifeitselfbeginstofeelunreal.IstarttofeelasthoughI’vemergedwithmymachinestakingdatainspittingthembackoutjustanothernode节点ontheNet.Othersonlinereportthesamesymptoms.Westarttostronglydisliketheoutsideformsofsocializing.It’slikeattendinganA.A.meetinginabarwitheveryoneholdingahalf-sippeddrink.WehavebecometheNetopponents’worstnightmare. Whatfirstseemedlikealuxurycrawlingfrombedtocomputernotworryingabouthairandclothesandfacehasbecomeanavoidancealackofdiscipline.Andonceyoustartreplacingrealhumancontactwithcyber-interaction网上交流comingbackoutofthecavecanbequitedifficult. AttimesIturnonthetelevisionandjustleaveittochatterinthebackgroundsomethingthatI’dneverdonepreviously.Thevoicesoftheprogramssoothe安慰mebutthenI’mjarred使感不快bythecommercials.Ifindmyselfsuckedinbysoapoperasorcompulsively强制性地needingtokeepupwiththelatestnewsandtheweather.DatelineFrontlineNightlineCNNeverypossibleangleofeverystoryoverandoverandoverevenwhentheyareofnopossibleusetome.Workmoversfromforegroundtobackground. Welearnfromthepassagethatthewriter
第一篇SaltyRicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep渗透in.inLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseoftheproblemdiscussedinthepassage?
The{{U}}contempt{{/U}}hefeltforhisfellowstudentswasobvious
第三篇TheBodyClock WhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYork?Theanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology. Deepinsidethebrainthereisa’clock’thatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycleslevelsofalertnessperformancemoodhormonelevelsdigestionbodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock. Thebodyclockprogrammesustobesleepytwiceadaybetween3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon. Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravellers’maladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclockwhichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplexnotallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatoneratewhileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether. Thoughweliveina24-hourdaythenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingto’shrink’ourday. Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights. Whenflyingwestyouare’extendingyourdaythustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolve’shrinking’orreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency. Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandscheduleschanginglightandactivitylevelstryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawakedisruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours. Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplanesupposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone. Soourbodyclocktrulycan’govern’us. Itcanbeseenfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat
Sheonlyneedsa{{U}}minute{{/U}}amountofmoney
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
ScienceandTruth FINAGLEisnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________51datainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________52intelligenceschoolingenergy-thephrasesciencesaysusuallydisarmsopposition. Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofafinaglefactor-atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________53desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGouldaHarvardbiologistwhohas___________54theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________55oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.HeconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrainsthatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmallerand_______56thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace. GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________57wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’sdiscoverywasmadebyleavingoutembarrassingdata___________58incorrectproceduresandchanginghiscriteria-againalwaysinfavourofhisargument.Mortonhasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedbynowandscientistsdonotbelievethatbrainsizereflects__________59. ButGouldwentontosayMorton’sstoryisonlyanexampleofacommonproblemin____________60work.Someoftheleadingfiguresinscienceare________________61tohaveusedthefinaglefactor.GouldsaysthatIsaacNewtonfudgedouttosupportatleastthreecentralstatementsthathecouldnotprove.Andso_____________62LaudiusPtolemytheGreekastronomerwhosemasterworkAlmagestsummedupthecaseforasolarsystemthathadtheearthasitscenter.Recent_____________63indicatethatPtolemyeitherfakedsomekeydataorresortedheavilytothefinaglefactor. Allthisisimportantbecausethefinaglefactorisstillatwork.Forexampleintheartificialsweetenercontroversyforexampleitis________64thatallthestudiessponsoredbythesugarindustryfindthattheartificialsweetenerisunsafe________65allthestudiessponsoredbythedietfoodindustryfindnothingwrongwithit.
第三篇TheBodyClock WhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYork?Theanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology. Deepinsidethebrainthereisa’clock’thatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycleslevelsofalertnessperformancemoodhormonelevelsdigestionbodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock. Thebodyclockprogrammesustobesleepytwiceadaybetween3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon. Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravellers’maladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclockwhichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplexnotallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatoneratewhileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether. Thoughweliveina24-hourdaythenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingto’shrink’ourday. Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights. Whenflyingwestyouare’extendingyourdaythustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolve’shrinking’orreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency. Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandscheduleschanginglightandactivitylevelstryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawakedisruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours. Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplanesupposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone. Soourbodyclocktrulycan’govern’us. Flyinginawestwarddirectionwill
第一篇SaltyRicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep渗透in.inLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutFlowersandYeoistrue?
He{{U}}inspired{{/U}}manyyoungpeopletotakeupthesport
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