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阅读下列材料并回答问题。 材料1 通州之设纱厂，为通州民生计，亦即为中国利源计。通(通州)产之棉，力耕丝长，冠绝亚洲，为日厂之所必需，花往纱来，日盛一日，捐我之产以资人，人即用资于我之货...
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IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome: Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence. Plomincautionsthat"Thisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany."Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot. Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappyname"insulinlikegrowthfactor2receptor"IGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors. EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement."Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicity"asksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt." Itisfoundthatinsulin
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance. TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair. Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther. ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations. Mrs.Shepardreturned{mmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses. Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics. Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications. AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear. ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses."Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl." IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:"Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh." TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses Thewriter’sattitudetowardthereviewis
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance. TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair. Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther. ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations. Mrs.Shepardreturned{mmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses. Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics. Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications. AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear. ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses."Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl." IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:"Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh." TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 44
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen. Whydoboysandgirlsinco-educationhavenoillusionabouteachother
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago. YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange. Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNet"E-mailisalwaysNo.1." Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources."Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatall"saysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc. DespitethevastpopularityofE-mailtherearestillpeoplewhodon’tthinkmuchofitbecause
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome: Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence. Plomincautionsthat"Thisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany."Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot. Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappyname"insulinlikegrowthfactor2receptor"IGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors. EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement."Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicity"asksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt." Thephrasewithawholeboxofsaltinthelastparagraphmeans
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago. YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange. Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNet"E-mailisalwaysNo.1." Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources."Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatall"saysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc. Whatdoesthewordmind-bogglingSentence1Paragraph3probablymean
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 42
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance. TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair. Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther. ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations. Mrs.Shepardreturned{mmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses. Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics. Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications. AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear. ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses."Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl." IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:"Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh." TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses WhoisGillianShepard
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen. Whatdoesco-educationoffertochildren
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome: Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence. Plomincautionsthat"Thisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany."Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot. Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappyname"insulinlikegrowthfactor2receptor"IGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors. EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement."Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicity"asksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt." AsforhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesandhowmuchcomefromexperiences
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