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求函数z=x2+12xy+2y2在区域:4x2+y2≤.25上的最大值.
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已知函数fxy=x+y+xy曲线C://x2+y2+xy=3求fx.y在曲线C上的最大方向导数
若x是方程4﹣4x﹣3=29﹣x的解y是方程62y﹣5+20=41﹣2y的解求2﹣3xy+x2﹣[2
设fxy=x-6y+8求函数fxy在点xy处的最大的方向导数gxy并求gxy在区域D=xy|x2+y
求二元函数zxy=x2+48xy+32y2在区域D=xy|x2+4y2≤25上的最大值与最小值
已知x+22+│x+y+5│=0求3x2y+{-2x2y—[—2xy+x2y+4x2-xy]的值.
求二元函数fxy=x3+y3-3xy在区域D=xy|0≤x≤2-1≤y≤2上的最大值与最小值
设非负函数y=yxx≥0满足微分方程xy″−y′+2=0当曲线y=yx过原点时其与直线x=1及y=0
求函数z=x2+xy+y2-4lnx-10lny的极值.
求二元函数zxy=x2+48xy+32y2在区域D=xy|x2+4y2≤25上的最大值与最小值.
求由方程2x2+y2+z2+2xy-2x-2y-4z+4=0所确定的隐函数z=xy的极值
设二元函数fxy=13+14x+32y-8xy-2x2-10y2.Ⅰ求极值点及极值Ⅱ求在条件x+y=
求二元函数fxy=x4+y4-2x2-2y2+4xy的极值
设非负函数y=yxx≥0满足微分方程xy-y’+2=0.当曲线y=yx过原点时其与直线x=1及y=0
设函数y=yx由方程2y3-2y2+2xy-x2=1所确定试求y=yx的驻点并判别它是否为极值点.
求函数z=2x2-2xy+y2在区域D:|x|+|y|≤1上的最大最小值.
已知函数的全微分dfxy=3x2+4xy-y2+1dx+2x2-2xy+3y2-1dy则fxy=__
设y=yx是由2y3-2y2+2xy-x2=1确定的连续的可以求导的函数求y=yx的驻点并判别它是否
设函数y=fx由方程y3+xy2+x2y+6=0确定求fx的极值
用配方法化二次型fxyz=x2+2y2+5z2+2xy+6yz+2zx为标准形并求所用的可逆线性变换
已知x=y+4求代数式2x2﹣4xy+2y2﹣25的值.
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WhatreallyworkstomakesustainablechangesindietandlifestyleIt’sprobablynotwhatyouthink.Yearsofclinicalresearchprovesthattherealkeysarepleasurejoyandfreedomnotourpowerofwillorausterity苦行.Joyoflivingissustainable;fearofdyingisnot.WhyBecauselifeistobeenjoyed.There’snopointingivingupsomethingyouenjoyunlessyougetsomethingbackthat’sevenbetterandquickly.Whenpeopleeatmorehealthfullyexercisequitsmokingmanagestressbetterandlovemoretheyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbettersoquicklyitreconstructthereasonformakingthesechangesfromfearofdyingtojoyofliving.Fortunatelythelateststudiesshowhowdynamicandpowerfularethemechanismsthatcontrolourhealthandwell-being.Whenyouexerciseandeatright:Yourbrainreceivesmorebloodflowandoxygensoyoubecomesmarterthinkmoreclearlyhavemoreenergyandneedlesssleep.Twostudiesshowedthatjustwalkingforthreehoursperweekforonlythreemonthscausedsomanynewnervecellstogrowthatitactuallyincreasedthesizeofpeople’sbrains!Yourfacereceivesmorebloodflowsoyourskinglowsmoreandwrinklesless.Youlookyoungerandmoreattractive.Incontrastanunhealthydietlastingemotionalstressandsmokingreducebloodflowtoyourfacesoyouagemorequickly.Smokingaccelerateagingbecausenicotine尼古丁causesyourbloodvesseltobecomenarrowerwhichdecreasesbloodflowtoyourfaceandmakesitwrinkleprematurely.Thisiswhysmokerslookyearsolderthantheyreallyare.Oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthisstudywasthatthemothers’perceptionsofstressweremoreimportantthanwhatwasobjectivelyoccurringintheirlives.Theresearchersmadeasurveyamongwomenandaskedthemtorateonathree-pointscalehowstressedtheyfelteachdayandhowoutofcontroltheirlivesfelttothem.Thewomenwhoperceivedthattheywereunderheavystresshadsignificantlyshortenedanddamagedtelomeres染色体端粒comparedwiththosewhofeltmorerelaxed.Converselysomeofthewomenwhofeltrelaxeddespiteraisingadisabledchildhadmorenormal-appearingtelomeres.Inotherwordsifyoufeelstressedyouarestressed.Whichofthefollowingisthekeytosustainablechangesindietandlifestyle
Foryearsresearchershavestruggledtounderstandwhysomanywomenleavecareersinscienceandengineering.Theoriesrunthegamut整个范围fromfamily-unfriendlyworkschedulestonaturaldifferencesbetweenthegenders.AnewpaperbyMcGillUniversityeconomistJenniferHuntoffersanotherexplanation:womenleavesuchjobswhentheyfeeldisappointedaboutpayandthechanceofpromotion.Herfirstfindingwasthatwomenactuallydon’tleavejobsinscienceatanaboveaveragerate.ThedifferenceHuntfoundcomesfromtheengineeringsector.That’snotsimplybecausewomenareexitingtheworkforcetoraisefamilies.About21%ofallgraduatessurveyedwereworkinginafieldunrelatedtotheirhighestcollegedegree.Thatproportionheldsteadyforbothmenandwomen.Yetinengineeringtherewasagap.About10%ofmaleengineerswereworkinginanunrelatedfieldwhilesome13%offemaleengineerswere.Womenwhobecameengineersdisproportionatelyleftforothersectors.Thesurveysuggestsoptionssuchasworkingconditionspaypromotion-opportunitiesjoblocationandfamily-relatedreasons.Asitturnedoutmorethan60%ofthewomenleavingengineeringdidsobecauseofdissatisfactionwithpayandpromotionopportunities.Morewomenthanmenleftengineeringforfamily-relatedreasonsbutthatgendergapwasnodifferentthanwhatHuntfoundinnonengineeringprofessions.Itdoesn’thaveanythingtodowiththenatureoftheworksaysHunt.Thequestionthenbecomeswhywomenengineersfeelsostifled窒息whenitcomestopayandpromotion.Womenalsoleftfieldssuchasfinancialmanagementandeconomicsathigherthanexpectedrates.Thecommonalitylikeengineeringthosesectorsaremale-dominated.Some74%offinancial-managementdegreeholdersinthesurveysampleweremale.Menmadeup73%ofeconomicsgraduates.Andtotakeoneexamplefromengineeringsome83%ofmechanical-engineergradsweremale.JenniferHuntconcludesthatfocusingonmakingengineeringjobsmorefamily-friendlyalone—byofferingflexibleworkschedulessay—missesanimportantpartofthemark.Ifwedesiretokeepwomenworkingasengineerswhetherfortheirsakesorsociety’sthenabetterfocusmaybecreatingworkenvironmentswherewomenfeelmoreabletoclimbthecareerladder.Whydofemaleengineersfeelupsetwhentalkingaboutpayandthechanceofpromotion
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 20
WhilemoreandmoreAmericansexpandtheirwardrobes衣柜withtheclickofamousetheJapaneseareastepaheadbuyingclothesontheircell-phones.It’salmostexactlythesameasshoppingonacomputerjustsmallerandmoremobile.InJapancell-phonecommerceisan$83billionindustry.TheleaderisXavelwhichlaunchedgirlswalkercomthefirstfree-of-chargecell-phoneconsumerentrance.Sixyearslaterit’sthecountry’smostpopularcell-phoneshoppingsitegetting100millionhitsaday.Itspartnergirlsauctioncomboasts1.5millionmembersand$43millionmonthlycell-phonetransactions."IfIwasgoingtodobusinessIwasgoingtodoitwithwomenintheir20sand30s"saystheCEO."Iwonderedwhynobodythoughtofitconsideringtheyaresuchahugemarket." Anotherthingnobodythoughtofwasabuy-it-as-you-see-itfashionshow.InAugustXavelthrewJapan’slargestfashioneventtodatetheTokyoGirlsCollection.1The12600attendeesand15millionpeoplewatchingthelivecell-phonebroadcastcouldpurchaseitemsontheirphonesassoonastheyappearedonthecatwalk.ShinAkamatsulaunchedhisJoiaslineatthefestivalandreceivedmoreordersthantheestablishedlabelsdid."Westruckgoldrightfromthebeginning"saysthecreativedirectorwhosaw$4.2millioninsalesinfivemonths.Otherbrandsplantopresentnewlinesatthenextevent. AlsocatchingonisJapan’sRakuten.Cell-phonesalesaccountfor34%ofitstransactions."Cell-phonecompaniesrealizedthepotentialsowetoostartedtakingCell-phonecommerceseriously"saysspokeswomanKunikoNarita."Ourturnover营业额increasedgreatly."TheJapanesearen’tjustshoppingoncellphonesbutalsowiththem.Anew"walletcell-phone"functionsasacreditorIDcard.Thehandsethasacomputerchipsimilartothatfoundinelectronickeycards.2Japanesegirlsarebuyingmascara睫毛膏mintsandmagazinesatconveniencestoressimplybyswipingtheirphonespastascannernearthecashregister.Sowhat’snext"Peoplehavestartedbuyingbigthings"saysNarita."Youcanevenbuyahelicopterora$3.2millionjewelonacellphone. WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoPara.1
WhatreallyworkstomakesustainablechangesindietandlifestyleIt’sprobablynotwhatyouthink.Yearsofclinicalresearchprovesthattherealkeysarepleasurejoyandfreedomnotourpowerofwillorausterity苦行.Joyoflivingissustainable;fearofdyingisnot.WhyBecauselifeistobeenjoyed.There’snopointingivingupsomethingyouenjoyunlessyougetsomethingbackthat’sevenbetterandquickly.Whenpeopleeatmorehealthfullyexercisequitsmokingmanagestressbetterandlovemoretheyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbettersoquicklyitreconstructthereasonformakingthesechangesfromfearofdyingtojoyofliving.Fortunatelythelateststudiesshowhowdynamicandpowerfularethemechanismsthatcontrolourhealthandwell-being.Whenyouexerciseandeatright:Yourbrainreceivesmorebloodflowandoxygensoyoubecomesmarterthinkmoreclearlyhavemoreenergyandneedlesssleep.Twostudiesshowedthatjustwalkingforthreehoursperweekforonlythreemonthscausedsomanynewnervecellstogrowthatitactuallyincreasedthesizeofpeople’sbrains!Yourfacereceivesmorebloodflowsoyourskinglowsmoreandwrinklesless.Youlookyoungerandmoreattractive.Incontrastanunhealthydietlastingemotionalstressandsmokingreducebloodflowtoyourfacesoyouagemorequickly.Smokingaccelerateagingbecausenicotine尼古丁causesyourbloodvesseltobecomenarrowerwhichdecreasesbloodflowtoyourfaceandmakesitwrinkleprematurely.Thisiswhysmokerslookyearsolderthantheyreallyare.Oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthisstudywasthatthemothers’perceptionsofstressweremoreimportantthanwhatwasobjectivelyoccurringintheirlives.Theresearchersmadeasurveyamongwomenandaskedthemtorateonathree-pointscalehowstressedtheyfelteachdayandhowoutofcontroltheirlivesfelttothem.Thewomenwhoperceivedthattheywereunderheavystresshadsignificantlyshortenedanddamagedtelomeres染色体端粒comparedwiththosewhofeltmorerelaxed.Converselysomeofthewomenwhofeltrelaxeddespiteraisingadisabledchildhadmorenormal-appearingtelomeres.Inotherwordsifyoufeelstressedyouarestressed.Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthepassage
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeWhatisthepositionofculturaldiplomacyinAmericanpolitics
WhilemoreandmoreAmericansexpandtheirwardrobes衣柜withtheclickofamousetheJapaneseareastepaheadbuyingclothesontheircell-phones.It’salmostexactlythesameasshoppingonacomputerjustsmallerandmoremobile.InJapancell-phonecommerceisan$83billionindustry.TheleaderisXavelwhichlaunchedgirlswalkercomthefirstfree-of-chargecell-phoneconsumerentrance.Sixyearslaterit’sthecountry’smostpopularcell-phoneshoppingsitegetting100millionhitsaday.Itspartnergirlsauctioncomboasts1.5millionmembersand$43millionmonthlycell-phonetransactions."IfIwasgoingtodobusinessIwasgoingtodoitwithwomenintheir20sand30s"saystheCEO."Iwonderedwhynobodythoughtofitconsideringtheyaresuchahugemarket." Anotherthingnobodythoughtofwasabuy-it-as-you-see-itfashionshow.InAugustXavelthrewJapan’slargestfashioneventtodatetheTokyoGirlsCollection.1The12600attendeesand15millionpeoplewatchingthelivecell-phonebroadcastcouldpurchaseitemsontheirphonesassoonastheyappearedonthecatwalk.ShinAkamatsulaunchedhisJoiaslineatthefestivalandreceivedmoreordersthantheestablishedlabelsdid."Westruckgoldrightfromthebeginning"saysthecreativedirectorwhosaw$4.2millioninsalesinfivemonths.Otherbrandsplantopresentnewlinesatthenextevent. AlsocatchingonisJapan’sRakuten.Cell-phonesalesaccountfor34%ofitstransactions."Cell-phonecompaniesrealizedthepotentialsowetoostartedtakingCell-phonecommerceseriously"saysspokeswomanKunikoNarita."Ourturnover营业额increasedgreatly."TheJapanesearen’tjustshoppingoncellphonesbutalsowiththem.Anew"walletcell-phone"functionsasacreditorIDcard.Thehandsethasacomputerchipsimilartothatfoundinelectronickeycards.2Japanesegirlsarebuyingmascara睫毛膏mintsandmagazinesatconveniencestoressimplybyswipingtheirphonespastascannernearthecashregister.Sowhat’snext"Peoplehavestartedbuyingbigthings"saysNarita."Youcanevenbuyahelicopterora$3.2millionjewelonacellphone. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyCell-phonecompaniesrealizedthepotentialLine3Para.3
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 14
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 10
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrust地壳representsanearlyunlimitedenergysourcebutuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivitywherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareashoweverhotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.ThusapotentialhotdryrockHDRreservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.AsaresultoftherecentenergycrisisnewconceptsforcreatingHDErecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.46InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHED’sreservoirartificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeability渗透性orboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.47TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃isatdepthslessthantenkilometersandcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasibleprevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100℃maybeusefulforspaceheating;howeverforproducingelectricitytemperaturesgreaterthan200℃aredesirable.Thegeothermalgradientwhichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperatureisamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermal地热的resources.48Temperaturegradient梯度mapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappable可开发的high-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.Therearemanyareashoweverforwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.49Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthisusedastaggering13000000quadrillionB.T.U’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoatenkilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2perceptisrecoverablewefindatotalthatiscomparabletotheestimatedresourcebaseofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.50Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeperhottermorecostlywellsandshallowercoolerlessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproductelectricityand/orheat.
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 4
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 6
Inmanyplaceswaterisbecomingscarcer.Treatingitasarightmakesthescarcityworse.Ideallyefficientwaterusewouldbeencouragedbychargingforitbutattemptstodosohavemostlyprovedpoliticallyimpossible.Amorepracticablealternativeisasystemoftradablewaterusagerights.Asourexplainsmanywaterproblemshaveglobalcauses:populationgrowthclimatechangeurbanizationandespeciallychangingdiets.Ittakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Theproblemsalsohaveglobalimplications.Withoutanewgreenrevolutionfarmerswillneed60%morewatertofeedthe2billionextrapeoplewhowillbebornbetweennowand2025.Yetthereisgloballynoshortageofwater.Unlikeothernaturalresourcessuchasoilwatercannotbeusedup.Itisrecycledendlesslyasrainsnoworevaporation.Onaveragepeopleareextractingfortheirownuseslessthanatenthofwhatfallsasrainandsnoweachyear.Thecentralproblemisthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers.Agri-cultureusesthree-quartersoftheworld’swater.Becausewaterisusuallyfreethirstycropslikealfalfa苜蓿aregrowninaridCalifornia.WheatinIndiaandBrazilusestwiceasmuchwateraswheatinAmerica.DrycountrieslikePakistanexporttextilesthougha1kgboltofclothrequires11000litersofwater.Anyeconomistknowswhattodo:pricewatertoreflectitsvalue.Butdecadesoftryingtodothatforagriculturehaverunintopowerfulresistancefromfarmers.Theyrejectscarcitypricingforthereasonthatwaterfallsfromtheskies.Nogovernmentownsitsonogovernmentshouldchargeforit.Thereisawayout.Australianfarmershavetherighttouseacertainamountofwaterfree.Theycansellthatrighttoothers.Butiftheywantmorewaterthemselvestheymustbuyitfromaneighbor.Theresultofthistradingisamarketthathasdonewhatmarketsdo:allocateresourcestomoreproductiveuse.Australiahasendureditsworstdroughtinmodernhistoryinthepasttenyears.Watersuppliesinsomefarmingareashavefallenbyhalf.Yetfarmershaverespondedtothenewmarketsignalsbyswitchingtolessthirstycropsandkeptthevalueoffarmoutputstable.Waterproductivityhasdoubled.Australia’ssystemovercomestheusualobjectionsbecauseitconfirmsfarmers’rightstowaterandletsthemhavemuchofitfornothing.Accordingtothepassagewhatcouldbeanefficientwaytousewater
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrust地壳representsanearlyunlimitedenergysourcebutuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivitywherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareashoweverhotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.ThusapotentialhotdryrockHDRreservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.AsaresultoftherecentenergycrisisnewconceptsforcreatingHDErecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.46InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHED’sreservoirartificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeability渗透性orboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.47TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃isatdepthslessthantenkilometersandcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasibleprevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100℃maybeusefulforspaceheating;howeverforproducingelectricitytemperaturesgreaterthan200℃aredesirable.Thegeothermalgradientwhichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperatureisamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermal地热的resources.48Temperaturegradient梯度mapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappable可开发的high-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.Therearemanyareashoweverforwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.49Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthisusedastaggering13000000quadrillionB.T.U’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoatenkilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2perceptisrecoverablewefindatotalthatiscomparabletotheestimatedresourcebaseofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.50Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeperhottermorecostlywellsandshallowercoolerlessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproductelectricityand/orheat.
Todaythereiswidespreadagreementthatmultinationalcorporationswillhaveanimportanteffectoninternationalrelationsandworldeconomy.Butthereislittleagreementonexactlywhatthateffectwillbe.Therearetwogroupsofthosewhoseethemasbenevolentandthosewhoseethemasevil.Amongthosewhoseemultinationalcorporationsasbenevolentmanyemphasizetheirimportanceinhelpingreducethegapbetweenrichcountriesandpoorones.Thesebusinessgiantsarereferredtoasenginesofdevelopmentbecauseitisclaimedthattheydomoretoimprovetheeconomiclifeinlessdevelopedcountriesthanallgovernmentalforeignaidprogramshaveeverdone.Bysettingupfactoriesabroadtheyprovidejobs;byequippingthesefactorieswiththelatestmachinesandequipmenttheymakeavailablethemostmoderntechnology.41.Multinationalcorporationstodaydonotneedtheircountriestoprovidemilitaryforcetoopenforeigncountriestotheirinvestmentproductsandsales.Infacttheydobetterontheirown.Itmayhavebeennecessaryinthemid-nineteencenturyforAdmiralPerrytothreatentheJapanesewithnavalbombardmentiftheydidnotallowwesterncountriestotradewiththem.Suchthreatswouldmakenosensetoday.42.ThedecisionoftheNixonadministrationtoimproverelationswithChinawasmoreprofitabletothem.Theleadersofmultinationalcorporationsseepatriotismasold-fashionedthenation-stateobsoleteandwarinpursuitofnationalglorydownrightfoolish.Theybelievethatthemultinationalcorporationisamodernconceptevolvedtomeettherequirementsofmodernagewhilethenation-stateisstillrootedinarchaicconceptsunsympathetictotheneedofourcomplexworld.43IthinkanofficialofGeneralElectriconcesaidgettingGeneralElectricintoChinaandtheSovietUnionisthebiggestthingwecandoforworldpeace.Theseproponentsofthemultinationalcorporationscomebyandlargefromthebusinessworld.Therearehowevermanycriticsamongacademicstudentsofmultinationalcorporationswhoregardthemasasinisterforce.Theyhaveproduceddetailedstudiestoprovethatthebenefitsofmultinationalcorporationsaremostlyillusory.Totheclaimthatmultinationalcorporationsprovidejobstheypointoutthatthisisatthecostofjobsinothercountries.Totheclaimthatmultinationalcorporationstransfertechnologytheyreply:aoftentheequipmentshippedoverseasisoutofdate:btheirtechnologyisoftenunsuitableformanyofthelessdevelopedcountrieswherelaborisplentifulandthereforecheap.44.Thereforetheymaintainthatinsteadofbeingtheenginesofdevelopmentthemultinationalcorporationsareactuallyenginesofimpoverishment.Thesecriticsdonotdenythatconsumptionoftheproductsofthesecorporationshasrisenincountriesaroundtheworld.45.Thereforealthoughthesecorporationsmaybreakdownnationalfrontierstheystrengthenclassdistinctionswideningthegapbetweentherichandthepoorcreatinggreatersocialinjusticeandinstability.A.ThelongexpensiveAmericanwarinVietNamdidnotbringnewopportunitiesinSoutheastAsiaforthemultinationalcorporations.B.ThefactthatbothAmericanteenagersandMexicanpeasantsaredrinkingCocaColadoesnotmeanthatthelifeoftheMexicanpeasantsisgettingbetterduetothemultinationalcorporations.C.Theythereforecharacterizethemselvesashard-headedpeoplewhoarehelpingtobringaboutamoreco-operativesystemorworldorderbybreakingdownnationalgeographicalpoliticaleconomicandideologicalbarriers.D.Onestudyactuallyshowedthatmultinationalcorporationsdonotinvestcapitalfromwealthycountriesbutprefertofinancetheiroperationsfromthelocaleconomy.Inotherwordstheyaresimplytransferringwealthfrompoorercountriestoricherones.E.Accordingtothesecriticsstateswillsoonrealizethattheyhavelosttheircontroloverissuessuchastaxationemploymentandeventhestabilityoftheirowncurrency.F.Buttheypointoutthatthisso-calledGlobalShoppingCenterisavailableonlytoaverysmallportionofthelocalpopulation.G.Becausegoodsarenowproducedwithinthelessdevelopedcountriesthereislessneedforthemtoimportfromabroadandtheirbalanceofpaymentswillimprove.
Directions: Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmeaningand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. Youshouldwriteabout160~200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
TheScottishcountrysidewillsoonbehometocreatureswhichisstrangetoBritain.Thisspring17beavers海狸willbereleasedintoaremoteareaofriversandforests.HuntedtoextinctionthroughoutEuropebeavershaven’troamedBritain’swildernessforalmost500years.Ecologistswouldliketoinvitebackotherlong-lostspeciestohelprestorethenaturalbalance.Tosavethecountry’splantsfromdeerwhichhavedoubledto2millionsincethestartofthisdecadeanOxfordUniversitybiologistlatelastyearcalledforreintroducingthelynx猞猁—awildcatthatdiedoutinBritain1300yearsago.NaturehaslongbeenapopularcauseinEurope.BritishpeoplelovetheircountrysideoffencesandfieldstheFrenchtheirvineyards葡萄园andtheGermanstheirhikingforests.ButinrecentyearsconservationistshavesettheirsightsonthemoredistantpastwhenEurope’sforestsandmeadowswerefullofelephantshippo-potamuses河马rhinoceroses犀牛andbigcats.Someambitiousconservationistsarenowadvocatingareturntonormsofwildernessthatdatebackto11000yearsagowhenthebiggestmammalswereatthetopofthefoodchain.Nobodyisadvocatingallowingelephantsandlionstoruncrazilyinthisdenselypopulatedregion.Butwildingsupporterswouldgivefreecontroltoalonglistoflessermammalsincludingthebeaverandthelynxwhichsomepeoplefearcouldbedestructive.Somelandownerswithdrawatthethoughtofbeaverscuttingdowntreeswiththeirteethandfloodingtheirproperty;theScottishParliamentrejectedseveralearliereffortstoreintroducethemammal.ProposalstosetloosewolvesandbearsinBritainhavealsoencounteredresistance.AlthoughrhinosandhipposthrivedinEuropethousandsofyearsagonooneissurewhateffecttheywouldhaveonecosystemsnow.Theideaofbringingbackbigmammalsisinterestingbutwhenyougetdowntothenutsandboltsthere’salotofquestionssaysomebiologists.ForexampleelephantscoulddestroywhatlittleforestandgrasslandEuropehasleft.ThebeaversofTierradelFuegoprovideacautionarytale.Whenafailedcommercialfurfarmreleaseditsfewremainingbeaversintothewild60yearsagothepopulationexplodedandtheyarestillrevengingthelocalpeople.IsthisBritain’sfutureSupporterssaynothebeaverwillfitrightin.Destroyingnatureisnotajobforthemild.Whatistheopinionofthebiologistsaboutbringingbackthemammals
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 2
WhilemoreandmoreAmericansexpandtheirwardrobes衣柜withtheclickofamousetheJapaneseareastepaheadbuyingclothesontheircell-phones.It’salmostexactlythesameasshoppingonacomputerjustsmallerandmoremobile.InJapancell-phonecommerceisan$83billionindustry.TheleaderisXavelwhichlaunchedgirlswalkercomthefirstfree-of-chargecell-phoneconsumerentrance.Sixyearslaterit’sthecountry’smostpopularcell-phoneshoppingsitegetting100millionhitsaday.Itspartnergirlsauctioncomboasts1.5millionmembersand$43millionmonthlycell-phonetransactions."IfIwasgoingtodobusinessIwasgoingtodoitwithwomenintheir20sand30s"saystheCEO."Iwonderedwhynobodythoughtofitconsideringtheyaresuchahugemarket." Anotherthingnobodythoughtofwasabuy-it-as-you-see-itfashionshow.InAugustXavelthrewJapan’slargestfashioneventtodatetheTokyoGirlsCollection.1The12600attendeesand15millionpeoplewatchingthelivecell-phonebroadcastcouldpurchaseitemsontheirphonesassoonastheyappearedonthecatwalk.ShinAkamatsulaunchedhisJoiaslineatthefestivalandreceivedmoreordersthantheestablishedlabelsdid."Westruckgoldrightfromthebeginning"saysthecreativedirectorwhosaw$4.2millioninsalesinfivemonths.Otherbrandsplantopresentnewlinesatthenextevent. AlsocatchingonisJapan’sRakuten.Cell-phonesalesaccountfor34%ofitstransactions."Cell-phonecompaniesrealizedthepotentialsowetoostartedtakingCell-phonecommerceseriously"saysspokeswomanKunikoNarita."Ourturnover营业额increasedgreatly."TheJapanesearen’tjustshoppingoncellphonesbutalsowiththem.Anew"walletcell-phone"functionsasacreditorIDcard.Thehandsethasacomputerchipsimilartothatfoundinelectronickeycards.2Japanesegirlsarebuyingmascara睫毛膏mintsandmagazinesatconveniencestoressimplybyswipingtheirphonespastascannernearthecashregister.Sowhat’snext"Peoplehavestartedbuyingbigthings"saysNarita."Youcanevenbuyahelicopterora$3.2millionjewelonacellphone. Whatisthepossiblefutureofthecell-phonecommerce
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeTheRhythmRoadprogram______.
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 16
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 18
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 8
WhatreallyworkstomakesustainablechangesindietandlifestyleIt’sprobablynotwhatyouthink.Yearsofclinicalresearchprovesthattherealkeysarepleasurejoyandfreedomnotourpowerofwillorausterity苦行.Joyoflivingissustainable;fearofdyingisnot.WhyBecauselifeistobeenjoyed.There’snopointingivingupsomethingyouenjoyunlessyougetsomethingbackthat’sevenbetterandquickly.Whenpeopleeatmorehealthfullyexercisequitsmokingmanagestressbetterandlovemoretheyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbettersoquicklyitreconstructthereasonformakingthesechangesfromfearofdyingtojoyofliving.Fortunatelythelateststudiesshowhowdynamicandpowerfularethemechanismsthatcontrolourhealthandwell-being.Whenyouexerciseandeatright:Yourbrainreceivesmorebloodflowandoxygensoyoubecomesmarterthinkmoreclearlyhavemoreenergyandneedlesssleep.Twostudiesshowedthatjustwalkingforthreehoursperweekforonlythreemonthscausedsomanynewnervecellstogrowthatitactuallyincreasedthesizeofpeople’sbrains!Yourfacereceivesmorebloodflowsoyourskinglowsmoreandwrinklesless.Youlookyoungerandmoreattractive.Incontrastanunhealthydietlastingemotionalstressandsmokingreducebloodflowtoyourfacesoyouagemorequickly.Smokingaccelerateagingbecausenicotine尼古丁causesyourbloodvesseltobecomenarrowerwhichdecreasesbloodflowtoyourfaceandmakesitwrinkleprematurely.Thisiswhysmokerslookyearsolderthantheyreallyare.Oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthisstudywasthatthemothers’perceptionsofstressweremoreimportantthanwhatwasobjectivelyoccurringintheirlives.Theresearchersmadeasurveyamongwomenandaskedthemtorateonathree-pointscalehowstressedtheyfelteachdayandhowoutofcontroltheirlivesfelttothem.Thewomenwhoperceivedthattheywereunderheavystresshadsignificantlyshortenedanddamagedtelomeres染色体端粒comparedwiththosewhofeltmorerelaxed.Converselysomeofthewomenwhofeltrelaxeddespiteraisingadisabledchildhadmorenormal-appearingtelomeres.Inotherwordsifyoufeelstressedyouarestressed.WhatdoesprematurelyLine6Para.4mean
TheScottishcountrysidewillsoonbehometocreatureswhichisstrangetoBritain.Thisspring17beavers海狸willbereleasedintoaremoteareaofriversandforests.HuntedtoextinctionthroughoutEuropebeavershaven’troamedBritain’swildernessforalmost500years.Ecologistswouldliketoinvitebackotherlong-lostspeciestohelprestorethenaturalbalance.Tosavethecountry’splantsfromdeerwhichhavedoubledto2millionsincethestartofthisdecadeanOxfordUniversitybiologistlatelastyearcalledforreintroducingthelynx猞猁—awildcatthatdiedoutinBritain1300yearsago.NaturehaslongbeenapopularcauseinEurope.BritishpeoplelovetheircountrysideoffencesandfieldstheFrenchtheirvineyards葡萄园andtheGermanstheirhikingforests.ButinrecentyearsconservationistshavesettheirsightsonthemoredistantpastwhenEurope’sforestsandmeadowswerefullofelephantshippo-potamuses河马rhinoceroses犀牛andbigcats.Someambitiousconservationistsarenowadvocatingareturntonormsofwildernessthatdatebackto11000yearsagowhenthebiggestmammalswereatthetopofthefoodchain.Nobodyisadvocatingallowingelephantsandlionstoruncrazilyinthisdenselypopulatedregion.Butwildingsupporterswouldgivefreecontroltoalonglistoflessermammalsincludingthebeaverandthelynxwhichsomepeoplefearcouldbedestructive.Somelandownerswithdrawatthethoughtofbeaverscuttingdowntreeswiththeirteethandfloodingtheirproperty;theScottishParliamentrejectedseveralearliereffortstoreintroducethemammal.ProposalstosetloosewolvesandbearsinBritainhavealsoencounteredresistance.AlthoughrhinosandhipposthrivedinEuropethousandsofyearsagonooneissurewhateffecttheywouldhaveonecosystemsnow.Theideaofbringingbackbigmammalsisinterestingbutwhenyougetdowntothenutsandboltsthere’salotofquestionssaysomebiologists.ForexampleelephantscoulddestroywhatlittleforestandgrasslandEuropehasleft.ThebeaversofTierradelFuegoprovideacautionarytale.Whenafailedcommercialfurfarmreleaseditsfewremainingbeaversintothewild60yearsagothepopulationexplodedandtheyarestillrevengingthelocalpeople.IsthisBritain’sfutureSupporterssaynothebeaverwillfitrightin.Destroyingnatureisnotajobforthemild.WhydidtheOxfordUniversitybiologistcalledforreintroducingthelynxlatelastyear
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 12
Todaythereiswidespreadagreementthatmultinationalcorporationswillhaveanimportanteffectoninternationalrelationsandworldeconomy.Butthereislittleagreementonexactlywhatthateffectwillbe.Therearetwogroupsofthosewhoseethemasbenevolentandthosewhoseethemasevil.Amongthosewhoseemultinationalcorporationsasbenevolentmanyemphasizetheirimportanceinhelpingreducethegapbetweenrichcountriesandpoorones.Thesebusinessgiantsarereferredtoasenginesofdevelopmentbecauseitisclaimedthattheydomoretoimprovetheeconomiclifeinlessdevelopedcountriesthanallgovernmentalforeignaidprogramshaveeverdone.Bysettingupfactoriesabroadtheyprovidejobs;byequippingthesefactorieswiththelatestmachinesandequipmenttheymakeavailablethemostmoderntechnology.41.Multinationalcorporationstodaydonotneedtheircountriestoprovidemilitaryforcetoopenforeigncountriestotheirinvestmentproductsandsales.Infacttheydobetterontheirown.Itmayhavebeennecessaryinthemid-nineteencenturyforAdmiralPerrytothreatentheJapanesewithnavalbombardmentiftheydidnotallowwesterncountriestotradewiththem.Suchthreatswouldmakenosensetoday.42.ThedecisionoftheNixonadministrationtoimproverelationswithChinawasmoreprofitabletothem.Theleadersofmultinationalcorporationsseepatriotismasold-fashionedthenation-stateobsoleteandwarinpursuitofnationalglorydownrightfoolish.Theybelievethatthemultinationalcorporationisamodernconceptevolvedtomeettherequirementsofmodernagewhilethenation-stateisstillrootedinarchaicconceptsunsympathetictotheneedofourcomplexworld.43IthinkanofficialofGeneralElectriconcesaidgettingGeneralElectricintoChinaandtheSovietUnionisthebiggestthingwecandoforworldpeace.Theseproponentsofthemultinationalcorporationscomebyandlargefromthebusinessworld.Therearehowevermanycriticsamongacademicstudentsofmultinationalcorporationswhoregardthemasasinisterforce.Theyhaveproduceddetailedstudiestoprovethatthebenefitsofmultinationalcorporationsaremostlyillusory.Totheclaimthatmultinationalcorporationsprovidejobstheypointoutthatthisisatthecostofjobsinothercountries.Totheclaimthatmultinationalcorporationstransfertechnologytheyreply:aoftentheequipmentshippedoverseasisoutofdate:btheirtechnologyisoftenunsuitableformanyofthelessdevelopedcountrieswherelaborisplentifulandthereforecheap.44.Thereforetheymaintainthatinsteadofbeingtheenginesofdevelopmentthemultinationalcorporationsareactuallyenginesofimpoverishment.Thesecriticsdonotdenythatconsumptionoftheproductsofthesecorporationshasrisenincountriesaroundtheworld.45.Thereforealthoughthesecorporationsmaybreakdownnationalfrontierstheystrengthenclassdistinctionswideningthegapbetweentherichandthepoorcreatinggreatersocialinjusticeandinstability.A.ThelongexpensiveAmericanwarinVietNamdidnotbringnewopportunitiesinSoutheastAsiaforthemultinationalcorporations.B.ThefactthatbothAmericanteenagersandMexicanpeasantsaredrinkingCocaColadoesnotmeanthatthelifeoftheMexicanpeasantsisgettingbetterduetothemultinationalcorporations.C.Theythereforecharacterizethemselvesashard-headedpeoplewhoarehelpingtobringaboutamoreco-operativesystemorworldorderbybreakingdownnationalgeographicalpoliticaleconomicandideologicalbarriers.D.Onestudyactuallyshowedthatmultinationalcorporationsdonotinvestcapitalfromwealthycountriesbutprefertofinancetheiroperationsfromthelocaleconomy.Inotherwordstheyaresimplytransferringwealthfrompoorercountriestoricherones.E.Accordingtothesecriticsstateswillsoonrealizethattheyhavelosttheircontroloverissuessuchastaxationemploymentandeventhestabilityoftheirowncurrency.F.Buttheypointoutthatthisso-calledGlobalShoppingCenterisavailableonlytoaverysmallportionofthelocalpopulation.G.Becausegoodsarenowproducedwithinthelessdevelopedcountriesthereislessneedforthemtoimportfromabroadandtheirbalanceofpaymentswillimprove.
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrust地壳representsanearlyunlimitedenergysourcebutuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivitywherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareashoweverhotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.ThusapotentialhotdryrockHDRreservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.AsaresultoftherecentenergycrisisnewconceptsforcreatingHDErecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.46InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHED’sreservoirartificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeability渗透性orboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.47TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃isatdepthslessthantenkilometersandcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasibleprevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100℃maybeusefulforspaceheating;howeverforproducingelectricitytemperaturesgreaterthan200℃aredesirable.Thegeothermalgradientwhichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperatureisamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermal地热的resources.48Temperaturegradient梯度mapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappable可开发的high-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.Therearemanyareashoweverforwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.49Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthisusedastaggering13000000quadrillionB.T.U’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoatenkilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2perceptisrecoverablewefindatotalthatiscomparabletotheestimatedresourcebaseofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.50Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeperhottermorecostlywellsandshallowercoolerlessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproductelectricityand/orheat.
Foryearsresearchershavestruggledtounderstandwhysomanywomenleavecareersinscienceandengineering.Theoriesrunthegamut整个范围fromfamily-unfriendlyworkschedulestonaturaldifferencesbetweenthegenders.AnewpaperbyMcGillUniversityeconomistJenniferHuntoffersanotherexplanation:womenleavesuchjobswhentheyfeeldisappointedaboutpayandthechanceofpromotion.Herfirstfindingwasthatwomenactuallydon’tleavejobsinscienceatanaboveaveragerate.ThedifferenceHuntfoundcomesfromtheengineeringsector.That’snotsimplybecausewomenareexitingtheworkforcetoraisefamilies.About21%ofallgraduatessurveyedwereworkinginafieldunrelatedtotheirhighestcollegedegree.Thatproportionheldsteadyforbothmenandwomen.Yetinengineeringtherewasagap.About10%ofmaleengineerswereworkinginanunrelatedfieldwhilesome13%offemaleengineerswere.Womenwhobecameengineersdisproportionatelyleftforothersectors.Thesurveysuggestsoptionssuchasworkingconditionspaypromotion-opportunitiesjoblocationandfamily-relatedreasons.Asitturnedoutmorethan60%ofthewomenleavingengineeringdidsobecauseofdissatisfactionwithpayandpromotionopportunities.Morewomenthanmenleftengineeringforfamily-relatedreasonsbutthatgendergapwasnodifferentthanwhatHuntfoundinnonengineeringprofessions.Itdoesn’thaveanythingtodowiththenatureoftheworksaysHunt.Thequestionthenbecomeswhywomenengineersfeelsostifled窒息whenitcomestopayandpromotion.Womenalsoleftfieldssuchasfinancialmanagementandeconomicsathigherthanexpectedrates.Thecommonalitylikeengineeringthosesectorsaremale-dominated.Some74%offinancial-managementdegreeholdersinthesurveysampleweremale.Menmadeup73%ofeconomicsgraduates.Andtotakeoneexamplefromengineeringsome83%ofmechanical-engineergradsweremale.JenniferHuntconcludesthatfocusingonmakingengineeringjobsmorefamily-friendlyalone—byofferingflexibleworkschedulessay—missesanimportantpartofthemark.Ifwedesiretokeepwomenworkingasengineerswhetherfortheirsakesorsociety’sthenabetterfocusmaybecreatingworkenvironmentswherewomenfeelmoreabletoclimbthecareerladder.Fromthesurveywecaninferthat______.
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfootisoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlaw-fulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16Westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. 20
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