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Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Text2 ThechurchofLaPlacitathelittle squareformallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunder Spanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethe futureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere. Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’s parishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalan andSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemas goodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepews andFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthe countrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marches tostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCalifornia forbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity. ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFather Estradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanos separadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusually onewithaPentecostalflavour.Theconvertsmayhavefollowedoneofthe evangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetata spiritualrockconcertorpicnic.Idon’tworrybutIfindittobe challengingsaysFatherEstrada.Some68%ofHispanics inAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentrea think-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirth ratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswho arefastgainingmarketshareasGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionat ClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatino CatholicshaveconvertedandthatforeveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholic Churchfourleaveit.Themainreasonhethinksis ethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholic sermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishor Polish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliar fromthemothercountry.Theevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthan Catholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthe wholeday.Womenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeach pastorthanintheCatholicChurch.Theevangelical churchesarealsomoreexperientialsaysSamuelRodriguezathird- generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNational HispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.In theCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthrough hierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovide directaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththegiftsof theHolySpirit1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfor divinehealing.ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericato reconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecrosssaysMr. Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenot onlycovenantfaithandrighteousnesstheverticalpartaswhite evangelicalsdobutalsocommunitypublicpolicyandsocialjusticethe horizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.To Latinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthe churchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatching youngmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants. ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapolitical forcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.Manyofthewhiteshaveveeredhard righthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthough lesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditional marriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthatmom anddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs.Thatsame pragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayfor themandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatino evangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsby eitherparty.ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthat changesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheir shareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalf describingthemselvesascharismaticsaccordingtothePewreport. Charismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsome aspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythe speakingintongues.Latinocharismaticsseethemselves asarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches. AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewing ChristianityinAmerica.Thatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchanges turnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope. WhatdoescharismaticsPara9Line3refertointhetext
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Theswinefluwillprobablyreturnin forceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficials predictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopen ratherthaninOctoberorNovember.Theswinefluis stillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhough hotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosowe expectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregating togetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCenters forDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheld jointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstill unclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenand officialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthatthey expecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplanto distributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenand peoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfast seedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhether immune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe; adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. Clinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanother coupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenter forBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Assumingaswine fluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasized butshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotand aswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．has beencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditis mimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshe said.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesarein childrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincluding pregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’s unpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcases andoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermost importantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefully expecttherewillbechallengesinthefall. Whichofthefollowingisthemostinfectivetothisdisease
PartBDirectionsInthefollowingtextsome sentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableone fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra choiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.For Questions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitinto eachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinany ofthegaps.Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneach yearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtoday morethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.Thismakesthecoffee industryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternational CoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffee producersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide.ICO estimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3 millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.Themainreasonforthisishigher Brazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops. 41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproduction Colombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8% andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%.Coffeeis atoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibleto growothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereached byanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagricultural equipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersabout avoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPablo Dubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltrader whothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexample frequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecial governmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee.Coffee pricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexamplethere wasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer. 44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofall exportearnings.IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthe biggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessof thedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorth AmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherange available.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffee productionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalot ofinterest.Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffee industry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinue torisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedto developfast.[A]Howeverdiseaseisalwaysproblemfor coffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahigh rise.[C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotional activitiesonRussiaandChina.[D]Asthelargest producingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhich willhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependent onforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports.[F]Thereare howeverotherdistributionsystems.[G]Almostallthe coffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel.
Text4 LikeallquintessentiallyBritish thingsgardeningisapastimethathaslongbeenindecline.Fromahighpoint of￡5billionin2001spendingonplantstoolsandgardenfurniturehasfallen everyyearsincethentoaround~3billionin2008．Thearrivalofeconomic recessiononlydeepenedthegloom:tocredit-crunchedconsumersshrubsand hangingbasketsseemedobviouscandidatesforcuts.Yet thelatestfiguresfromtheHorticulturalTradesAssociationHTAsuggesta bumperyearforgarden-relatedexpenditureisinthemaking.Salesvolumeswere upby21%inMarchand28%inAprilcomparedwiththesamemonthsayear earlier.Thiswasnottheresultofdeepdiscountingastrategythatmanyother retailershavebeenadopting.Thevalueofgardengoodssoldwas37%higherin Marchand42%higherinAprilthanayearearlierwhereasthevalueofall saleshadincreasedbyjust3%inApril.Datamonitoramarket-researchfirm reckonsthatgardeningwillcontinuetooutperformtherestofretailingforat leastthenexttwoyears.Muchofthegoodnewsisdueto theweatheradmitsTimBriercliffetheHTA’sdirectorofbusinessdevelopment. Lastyearthevitalspringmonthsweredampandmiserable;thisyearsunshine andweathermen’spredictionofahotsummerhasboostedcustom.Butthe economicdownturnitselfhasturnedouttobeasmuchablessingasacurse. GardeningmaybealuxuryarguesMr.Briercliffebutitcompeteswithother moreexpensiveluxuries.Peoplewhomighthaveotherwisebookedacitybreakto Praguearestayingathomeandmakingthebestofwhattheyhavehemaintains. AccordingtoIpsosMORIapollsterthree-quartersofpeopleplantospendat leastasmuchontheirgardenthisyearaslast.Economic hardshiphascreatedanewbreedofgardenertoo.Partlythatreflectspeople makingthemostoftheirenforcedleisure:Wegetsomeunemployedcitytypes whoarejustfillingtimewhilelookingforanotherjobadmitsagarden-centre workerneartheLondoncommutertownofGuilford.Buttherearemorepositive developments.Muchofthegrowthingardenspendinghascomefromtheunder-35s nottraditionallyagreen-fingereddemographic.Oneexplanationisthat environmentalismandthriftinesshavemadegrowingvegetablestrendyanidea thatissupportedbygrowingshortageofallotments.But thereismoretoitthanpleasantweatherandbelt-tightening.TheHTA detectsdeeperanddarkerchangesinthenationalpsyche.Citing researchfromtheFutureFoundationaprognosticatoryconsultancyitreckons thatpeoplearespendingmoretimeintheirhomesfortifyingthemintohavens fromanunwelcomingworldhauntedbycrimebureaucracyandrisingunemployment. Thelongerthedownturnpersiststhegreenerthegrassmaygrow. Whatdoesagreen-fingereddemographicrefertointhe4thparagraph
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Theswinefluwillprobablyreturnin forceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficials predictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopen ratherthaninOctoberorNovember.Theswinefluis stillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhough hotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosowe expectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregating togetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCenters forDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheld jointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstill unclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenand officialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthatthey expecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplanto distributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenand peoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfast seedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhether immune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe; adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. Clinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanother coupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenter forBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Assumingaswine fluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasized butshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotand aswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．has beencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditis mimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshe said.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesarein childrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincluding pregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’s unpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcases andoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermost importantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefully expecttherewillbechallengesinthefall. AccordingtothetextwhatdoesadjuvantPara4Line2referto
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Theswinefluwillprobablyreturnin forceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficials predictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopen ratherthaninOctoberorNovember.Theswinefluis stillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhough hotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosowe expectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregating togetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCenters forDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheld jointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstill unclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenand officialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthatthey expecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplanto distributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenand peoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfast seedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhether immune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe; adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. Clinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanother coupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenter forBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Assumingaswine fluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasized butshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotand aswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．has beencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditis mimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshe said.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesarein childrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincluding pregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’s unpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcases andoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermost importantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefully expecttherewillbechallengesinthefall. WhydidofficialsexpecttheswineflutoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute.Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude:·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephonesWiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources.48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed."49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart."Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
YouareamanagerofAdministrativeOfficenamedJ.S.Sanford.TheboardofdirectorshavedecidedtorefurbishtheofficesofFinancialDepartment.Writeamemototellalltheemployeesthat: 1Howlongwillthisprojectlast 2WhereshallbethetemporaryofficesfortheFinancialDepartmentduringthisperiod’ 3Whichkindofaffairsmightbeinfluencedduringthisperiodandwhatwillbethecorrespondingsolutions Youshouldwriteabout100words.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions: YourroommateMarytransferredtoanotherschoolafewdaysago.Writeraletterto: 1expressyourfeelingofmissing; 2askhertokeepintouch. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text2 ThechurchofLaPlacitathelittle squareformallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunder Spanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethe futureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere. Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’s parishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalan andSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemas goodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepews andFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthe countrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marches tostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCalifornia forbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity. ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFather Estradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanos separadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusually onewithaPentecostalflavour.Theconvertsmayhavefollowedoneofthe evangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetata spiritualrockconcertorpicnic.Idon’tworrybutIfindittobe challengingsaysFatherEstrada.Some68%ofHispanics inAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentrea think-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirth ratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswho arefastgainingmarketshareasGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionat ClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatino CatholicshaveconvertedandthatforeveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholic Churchfourleaveit.Themainreasonhethinksis ethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholic sermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishor Polish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliar fromthemothercountry.Theevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthan Catholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthe wholeday.Womenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeach pastorthanintheCatholicChurch.Theevangelical churchesarealsomoreexperientialsaysSamuelRodriguezathird- generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNational HispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.In theCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthrough hierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovide directaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththegiftsof theHolySpirit1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfor divinehealing.ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericato reconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecrosssaysMr. Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenot onlycovenantfaithandrighteousnesstheverticalpartaswhite evangelicalsdobutalsocommunitypublicpolicyandsocialjusticethe horizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.To Latinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthe churchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatching youngmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants. ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapolitical forcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.Manyofthewhiteshaveveeredhard righthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthough lesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditional marriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthatmom anddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs.Thatsame pragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayfor themandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatino evangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsby eitherparty.ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthat changesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheir shareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalf describingthemselvesascharismaticsaccordingtothePewreport. Charismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsome aspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythe speakingintongues.Latinocharismaticsseethemselves asarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches. AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewing ChristianityinAmerica.Thatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchanges turnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope. AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisnottheedgesofevangelicalchurchesagainstCatholicChurch
Text4 LikeallquintessentiallyBritish thingsgardeningisapastimethathaslongbeenindecline.Fromahighpoint of￡5billionin2001spendingonplantstoolsandgardenfurniturehasfallen everyyearsincethentoaround~3billionin2008．Thearrivalofeconomic recessiononlydeepenedthegloom:tocredit-crunchedconsumersshrubsand hangingbasketsseemedobviouscandidatesforcuts.Yet thelatestfiguresfromtheHorticulturalTradesAssociationHTAsuggesta bumperyearforgarden-relatedexpenditureisinthemaking.Salesvolumeswere upby21%inMarchand28%inAprilcomparedwiththesamemonthsayear earlier.Thiswasnottheresultofdeepdiscountingastrategythatmanyother retailershavebeenadopting.Thevalueofgardengoodssoldwas37%higherin Marchand42%higherinAprilthanayearearlierwhereasthevalueofall saleshadincreasedbyjust3%inApril.Datamonitoramarket-researchfirm reckonsthatgardeningwillcontinuetooutperformtherestofretailingforat leastthenexttwoyears.Muchofthegoodnewsisdueto theweatheradmitsTimBriercliffetheHTA’sdirectorofbusinessdevelopment. Lastyearthevitalspringmonthsweredampandmiserable;thisyearsunshine andweathermen’spredictionofahotsummerhasboostedcustom.Butthe economicdownturnitselfhasturnedouttobeasmuchablessingasacurse. GardeningmaybealuxuryarguesMr.Briercliffebutitcompeteswithother moreexpensiveluxuries.Peoplewhomighthaveotherwisebookedacitybreakto Praguearestayingathomeandmakingthebestofwhattheyhavehemaintains. AccordingtoIpsosMORIapollsterthree-quartersofpeopleplantospendat leastasmuchontheirgardenthisyearaslast.Economic hardshiphascreatedanewbreedofgardenertoo.Partlythatreflectspeople makingthemostoftheirenforcedleisure:Wegetsomeunemployedcitytypes whoarejustfillingtimewhilelookingforanotherjobadmitsagarden-centre workerneartheLondoncommutertownofGuilford.Buttherearemorepositive developments.Muchofthegrowthingardenspendinghascomefromtheunder-35s nottraditionallyagreen-fingereddemographic.Oneexplanationisthat environmentalismandthriftinesshavemadegrowingvegetablestrendyanidea thatissupportedbygrowingshortageofallotments.But thereismoretoitthanpleasantweatherandbelt-tightening.TheHTA detectsdeeperanddarkerchangesinthenationalpsyche.Citing researchfromtheFutureFoundationaprognosticatoryconsultancyitreckons thatpeoplearespendingmoretimeintheirhomesfortifyingthemintohavens fromanunwelcomingworldhauntedbycrimebureaucracyandrisingunemployment. Thelongerthedownturnpersiststhegreenerthegrassmaygrow. Whatcanyouinferfromthe3rdparagraph
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Notmanyindustriesaredoingwellintherecession.Butalong withdiscountretailersandpawnbrokersonline-datingsitessuchaseHarmony cornandOkCupid.comhaveseenbusinesslookup.Thereareseveraltheoriesto explainwhy.46．Itmaybethatpeoplehavemoretimetodevotetotheir privatelivesastheeconomyslows;thatuncertaintimesincreasethedesirefor companionship;orthatlivingaloneisexpensivewhereascouplescansplitmany oftheircosts.Peoplewhohavebeensinglefor yearsaresuddenlyfocusedonfindingsomeonesaysGregWaldorfthebossof eHarmonyawholesomemarriage-orientedsitewithmorethan20mpaying subscribers.47．Hefavoursthecompanionship-in-hard-timestheory: Goingthroughdifficulttimeswithsomeonespecialisbetterthandoing italone.Inarecentsurveycarriedoutforhiscompany25%ofwomen saidstressaboutthestateoftheeconomymadethemmoreinclinedtoseeka long-termrelationship.Thecompanyalsonoticedthatthenumberofvisitsto itswebsitewashigherthanaverageondayswhentheDowJonesIndustrial Averagefellbymorethan100points.AtOkCupidwhich isaimedatamorecasualyouthfulcrowdtherehasbeenajumpinmembership sincethefinancialcrisissetinandanevenbiggerjumpinhowoftenmembers usethesite.BackinSeptemberusersweresending6000on-siteinstant messagesadaysaysSamYaganOkCupid’sboss.Nowthatnumberisover 18000．48．OkCupidhastheadvantageofbeingfreewhichhasprovedpopular withpeoplelookingforpartnersforwhatMr.Yaganeuphemisticallycallscheap entertainment.Afterallifyouhaveagirlfriendoraboyfriendhesays youcanjustplayScrabbleinsteadofgoingoutfortheevening. 49．Butperhapstheboomistheresultofneithera nestinginstinctnoradesiretosavemoney.AshleyMadison.cornavery differenttypeofdatingsiteisalsodoingwell.Insteadofarranging marriagesthesubscription-basedsitearrangesaffairs-andneverbeforehaveso manypeoplebeenlookingforabitontheside.AshleyMadison’sbossNoel Bidermanthinkshissiteandothersareprosperingforanotherreason:money problems.Themajorityofrelationshipdiscordstemsfromeconomictroubles hesays.50．Insteadoffightingmarriedpeoplearetakingstockoftheir lives.Theywanttodosomethingthatmakesthemfeelbetterabout themselvesMrBidermansaysand$49isatinyexpenditureforalife- alteringaffair.
Text3 AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresident oftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheld betweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennational leaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.Onthe leftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoa conservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthe largestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim. Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.Guy VerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhen hedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr. VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnacious Frenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmany ambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropean internalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.Barrososhouldhave proposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbad bankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggered abigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcome wouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrench presidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformer centre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat. FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenat theJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybinding nominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoare unlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-right EuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaders whoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethe nominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.Thishelpsto explainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainst Mr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEurope wasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.Barrosospent thefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainand Franceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofrating agencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGerman chancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEU leadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikea two-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’s reappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.Some diplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuch concessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner. ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribing anelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.Theyarguethat onlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplain that27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.Infacttheseapparently structuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideological programmes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkel announcedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.Theycalledfora Europeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkers ratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightly regulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourthe emergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainsta bureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.Ifallthis soundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident. Mr.Verhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomething differentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashof theAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.Whenhe callsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeans thingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobe incapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover. Thisisfightingtalk.Britainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabout theAnglo-Saxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowerto Brussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope. WhichofthefollowingisMr.Verhofstadt’smainpointasacontinentalliberal
Text3 AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresident oftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheld betweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennational leaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.Onthe leftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoa conservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthe largestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim. Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.Guy VerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhen hedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr. VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnacious Frenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmany ambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropean internalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.Barrososhouldhave proposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbad bankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggered abigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcome wouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrench presidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformer centre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat. FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenat theJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybinding nominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoare unlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-right EuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaders whoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethe nominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.Thishelpsto explainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainst Mr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEurope wasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.Barrosospent thefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainand Franceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofrating agencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGerman chancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEU leadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikea two-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’s reappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.Some diplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuch concessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner. ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribing anelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.Theyarguethat onlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplain that27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.Infacttheseapparently structuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideological programmes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkel announcedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.Theycalledfora Europeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkers ratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightly regulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourthe emergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainsta bureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.Ifallthis soundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident. Mr.Verhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomething differentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashof theAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.Whenhe callsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeans thingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobe incapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover. Thisisfightingtalk.Britainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabout theAnglo-Saxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowerto Brussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope. WhatisFrance’sstandingpointinthispoliticalcircus
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Text3 AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresident oftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheld betweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennational leaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.Onthe leftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoa conservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthe largestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim. Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.Guy VerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhen hedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr. VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnacious Frenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmany ambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropean internalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.Barrososhouldhave proposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbad bankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggered abigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcome wouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrench presidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformer centre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat. FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenat theJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybinding nominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoare unlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-right EuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaders whoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethe nominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.Thishelpsto explainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainst Mr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEurope wasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.Barrosospent thefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainand Franceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofrating agencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGerman chancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEU leadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikea two-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’s reappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.Some diplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuch concessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner. ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribing anelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.Theyarguethat onlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplain that27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.Infacttheseapparently structuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideological programmes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkel announcedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.Theycalledfora Europeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkers ratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightly regulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourthe emergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainsta bureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.Ifallthis soundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident. Mr.Verhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomething differentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashof theAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.Whenhe callsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeans thingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobe incapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover. Thisisfightingtalk.Britainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabout theAnglo-Saxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowerto Brussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope. WhatdoesPESmeanbyattackingMr.BarrosoputsmarketsbeforepeoplePara1Line5
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
PartBDirectionsInthefollowingtextsome sentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableone fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra choiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.For Questions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitinto eachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinany ofthegaps.Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneach yearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtoday morethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.Thismakesthecoffee industryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternational CoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffee producersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide.ICO estimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3 millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.Themainreasonforthisishigher Brazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops. 41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproduction Colombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8% andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%.Coffeeis atoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibleto growothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereached byanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagricultural equipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersabout avoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPablo Dubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltrader whothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexample frequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecial governmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee.Coffee pricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexamplethere wasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer. 44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofall exportearnings.IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthe biggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessof thedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorth AmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherange available.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffee productionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalot ofinterest.Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffee industry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinue torisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedto developfast.[A]Howeverdiseaseisalwaysproblemfor coffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahigh rise.[C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotional activitiesonRussiaandChina.[D]Asthelargest producingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhich willhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependent onforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports.[F]Thereare howeverotherdistributionsystems.[G]Almostallthe coffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel.
PartBDirectionsInthefollowingtextsome sentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableone fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra choiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.For Questions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitinto eachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinany ofthegaps.Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneach yearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtoday morethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.Thismakesthecoffee industryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternational CoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffee producersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide.ICO estimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3 millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.Themainreasonforthisishigher Brazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops. 41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproduction Colombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8% andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%.Coffeeis atoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibleto growothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereached byanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagricultural equipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersabout avoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPablo Dubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltrader whothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexample frequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecial governmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee.Coffee pricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexamplethere wasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer. 44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofall exportearnings.IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthe biggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessof thedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorth AmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherange available.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffee productionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalot ofinterest.Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffee industry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinue torisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedto developfast.[A]Howeverdiseaseisalwaysproblemfor coffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahigh rise.[C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotional activitiesonRussiaandChina.[D]Asthelargest producingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhich willhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependent onforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports.[F]Thereare howeverotherdistributionsystems.[G]Almostallthe coffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Notmanyindustriesaredoingwellintherecession.Butalong withdiscountretailersandpawnbrokersonline-datingsitessuchaseHarmony cornandOkCupid.comhaveseenbusinesslookup.Thereareseveraltheoriesto explainwhy.46．Itmaybethatpeoplehavemoretimetodevotetotheir privatelivesastheeconomyslows;thatuncertaintimesincreasethedesirefor companionship;orthatlivingaloneisexpensivewhereascouplescansplitmany oftheircosts.Peoplewhohavebeensinglefor yearsaresuddenlyfocusedonfindingsomeonesaysGregWaldorfthebossof eHarmonyawholesomemarriage-orientedsitewithmorethan20mpaying subscribers.47．Hefavoursthecompanionship-in-hard-timestheory: Goingthroughdifficulttimeswithsomeonespecialisbetterthandoing italone.Inarecentsurveycarriedoutforhiscompany25%ofwomen saidstressaboutthestateoftheeconomymadethemmoreinclinedtoseeka long-termrelationship.Thecompanyalsonoticedthatthenumberofvisitsto itswebsitewashigherthanaverageondayswhentheDowJonesIndustrial Averagefellbymorethan100points.AtOkCupidwhich isaimedatamorecasualyouthfulcrowdtherehasbeenajumpinmembership sincethefinancialcrisissetinandanevenbiggerjumpinhowoftenmembers usethesite.BackinSeptemberusersweresending6000on-siteinstant messagesadaysaysSamYaganOkCupid’sboss.Nowthatnumberisover 18000．48．OkCupidhastheadvantageofbeingfreewhichhasprovedpopular withpeoplelookingforpartnersforwhatMr.Yaganeuphemisticallycallscheap entertainment.Afterallifyouhaveagirlfriendoraboyfriendhesays youcanjustplayScrabbleinsteadofgoingoutfortheevening. 49．Butperhapstheboomistheresultofneithera nestinginstinctnoradesiretosavemoney.AshleyMadison.cornavery differenttypeofdatingsiteisalsodoingwell.Insteadofarranging marriagesthesubscription-basedsitearrangesaffairs-andneverbeforehaveso manypeoplebeenlookingforabitontheside.AshleyMadison’sbossNoel Bidermanthinkshissiteandothersareprosperingforanotherreason:money problems.Themajorityofrelationshipdiscordstemsfromeconomictroubles hesays.50．Insteadoffightingmarriedpeoplearetakingstockoftheir lives.Theywanttodosomethingthatmakesthemfeelbetterabout themselvesMrBidermansaysand$49isatinyexpenditureforalife- alteringaffair.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute.Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude:·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephonesWiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources.48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed."49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart."Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart.
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