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简述我国遗嘱的形式及各自的适用条件。
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实践的客观物质性体现在
以下是抗战初期国民政府的作战方针国军一部集中华北持久抵抗特别注意确保山西之天然壁垒国军主力集中山东攻击上海之敌力保淞沪要地巩固首都另外以最少兵力防守华南各港口对这一作战方针的评价不正确的是
马克思主义哲学实现了唯物主义自然观和唯物主义历史观的统一的关键是
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwritingmadetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______ A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. C.Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. E.Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. F.Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. G.Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineag 44
实事求是作为中国__的思想路线是指
空想是
下列有关道德的叙述正确的是
古代朴素唯物主义把世界的本原归结为
2009年9月15日美国卫生与公众服务部下属的食品和药物管理局宣布该局正式批准4种甲型H1N1流感疫苗上市这是继之后第二个批准甲型H1N1流感疫苗上市的国家
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanarticleondeficiencyofresearchabilityamongthepostgraduatestudents.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1interpretthemeaningofthepicture 2pointoutthecausesand 3giveyoursuggestions. Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.
科学地解决哲学基本问题关系到能否坚持
WashingtonJune22--MorethanthreedecadesaftertheEndangeredSpeciesActgavethefederalgovernmenttoolsandamandatetoprotectanimalsinsectsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctionthelandmarklawisfacingthemostintenseeffortseverbytheWhiteHouseCongresslandownersandindustrytolimititsreach. 46Morethananytimeinthelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentandindirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedintheagenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress. InsomecasesthechallengesarebroadandsweepingaswhentheBushadministrationinalegalbattleoverthebestwaytoprotectendangeredsalmondeclaredWesterndamstobeasmuch.apartofthelandscapeastheriverstheycontrol.47InotherstheactionsaredeepintherealmofregulatorybureaucracyaswhenaWhiteHouseappointeeattheInteriorDepartmentsoughttoinfluencescientificrecommendationsinvolvingthesagegrouse松鸡abirdwhosehabitatincludesareasoflikelyoilandgasdeposits. Someenvironmentalistsreadilyconcedethatthelawhaslongoveremphasizedthestick处罚andprovidedfewercarrots奖励forprivateintereststhanitmight.Butsomeofthemalsofearthatthelaw’sdefectswillbeusedasajustificationforawholesaleevisceration修改法案使之失去效力. "There’sanalignmentoftheplanetsofpeopleagainsttheEndangeredSpeciesActinCongressintheWhiteHouseandintheagencies"saidJamieRappaportClarkexecutivevicepresidentofDefendersofWildlifealobbyinggroupbasedinWashington. 48OntheoppositesideRobertD.ThorntonalawyerfordevelopersandIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthegovernmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’sabilitytousetheirownland. "I’veraisedachildandsenthimthroughcollegewaitingforCongresstoamendtheEndangeredSpeciesAct"hesaid."ButIdothinkthatalotofforcesarejoiningnow." 49TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973setoutagoalthatpollsshowisstillwidelyadmired:ensuringthatspeciesfacingextinctionbesavedandrobustpopulationsberestored. Currently1264speciesareconsideredthreatenedorendangered.SomelikethebighornsheepoftheSouthernCaliforniamountainshaveobviouspopularappealandaconstituencywhileothersliketheKretschmarrCavemoldbeetleinSouthTexasareanacquiredtaste. Butinthepast30yearslawsuitsfromallsideshaveproliferated.50AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthasbeendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingittofederalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingandotheractivities. A"criticalhabitat"designationgivesthefederalgovernmentnodirectauthoritytoregulateprivatelandusebutitdoesrequirefederalagenciestotaketheissueintoaccountwhenmakingregulatorydecisionsaboutprivatedevelopment. Theconflictsarebecomingsharperastheneedsofnewlyrecognizedendangeredspeciesareinterferingmoreoftenwiththedemandsofexurbandevelopment. AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthasbeendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingittofederalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingandotheractivities.
道德建设是塑造公民基本道德素质的工作道德之根只有深入社会现实生活才会具有真实而持久的生命力我们确实应当学习人类的一切先进文化但是我们不能割断自己的历史与文化既不能夜郎自大又不能妄自菲薄不能从一个极端跳到另一个极端中华民族有着丰富的道德文化资源它们应当在现代化进程中获得新生我们需要借鉴国外优秀的研究成果需要充分挖掘与借鉴传统的优秀思想资源但是必须警惕文化虚无主义和文化复古主义必须坚持文化的主体性必须警惕生搬硬套必须注意不同语境下的问题差别及理论解释的有效性我们需要理论创新但是这种理论创新必须是扎根生活言之有物言之有理的而不是闭门造车玩弄概念哗众取宠的——摘自2009年1月13日光明日报伦理学理论发展30年请回答1中华民族的丰富的道德文化资源有哪些内容它们在现代化进程中获得新生意指什么有什么重要意义2对待中华民族道德传统的文化复古主义和历史虚无主义违背了什么哲学原理正确的态度应该是什么
列宁的物质定义和形而上学唯物主义的物质观划清界限的关键在于列宁的物质定义
TheNetsuccessofLazySundayrepresentsadefiningmomentforthefilmandtelevisionbusiness.Advancesindigitalvideoandbroadbandhavevastlyloweredthecostofproductionanddistribution.FilmmakersarenowfollowingthepathblazedbybloggersandmusicianscheaplycreatinganduploadingtheirworktotheWeb.IfitappealstoanyoftheNet’snichesmillionsofuserswillpassalongtheirfilmsthroughe-maildownloadsorlinks.It’sthedawnofthedemocratizationoftheTVandfilmbusiness--evenunknownpersonalitiesarebeingpropelledbytheenthusiasmoftheirfansintopop-cultureprominencesometimeswithouteventraditionalintermediariesliketalentagentsorfilmfestivals.Thisislikebypasssurgery’saysDanHarmonafilmmakerwhosemonthlyL.A.-basedfilmclubandWebsiteChannel101letsmemberssubmitshortvideossuchastherecent70s’musicmockumentaryYachtRockandvoteonwhichtheylikebest.Finallywehaveanewgoldenagewheretheartisthasadirectconnectiontotheaudience;ThedirectorsbehindLazySundayembodythephenomenon.Whentheshaggy-hairedSamberg27graduatedfromNYUFilmSchoolin2001hefacedtheconventionalchallengeorcrashingthegatesOfHollywood.WithhistwochildhoodfriendsAkivaSchafferandJormaTacconehecameupwithanunconventionalsolution:theystartedrecordingmusicparodiesandcomicvideosandpostingthemtotheirWebsiteTheLonelyisland.com.ThematerialgottheattentionofproducersattheoldABCsitcomSpinCitywhereSambergandTacconeworkedaslow-levelassistants;theproducerssentacompilationtoatalentagency.ThefriendsgotanagentmadeacoupleofpilotTVsketchshowsforComedyCentralandFoxfeaturingthemselveshammingitupinnearlyalltherolesandwrotejokesfortheMTVMovieAwards.EvenwhenthenetworkspassedontheirpilotsSambergandhisfriendssimplypostedtheepisodesonlineandtheirfanbase--at40000uniquevisitorsamonthearlierthisyear--grewlarger.LastAugustSambergjoinedtheSNLcastandSchafferandTacconebecamewriters.NowtheyshareanofficeinRockefellerCenterandarealittletoocuteforeveryoneSambergsaysWearefriendslivingourdream.ShortfunnyvideoslikeLazySundayhappentotranslateonlinebutnoteverythingworksaswell.Bite-sizefilmsaremorepracticalthanlongerones;comedyplaysbetterthandrama.Butalmosteverythingisworthtryingsincethetoolstocreateandpostvideoarenowsocheapandadhocaudiencescanformaroundanysensibilityhowevereccentric.Samberg’ssolutionwasunconventionalbecause______.
历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义作为唯物主义发展的最高形态是因为
公民应该勤奋工作俭朴节约积极进取发愤图强这是公民基本道德规范中
社会主义的根本任务是解放和发展生产力确立这一根本任务的依据包括
2009年2月1日中央发布名为中__国务院关于2009年促进农业稳定发展农民持续增收的若干意见的2009年的第一号红头文件阐述新一年的三农政策这是中央从2004年以来连续第六年聚焦三农领域做好2009年农业农村工作具有特殊重要的意义
TheNetsuccessofLazySundayrepresentsadefiningmomentforthefilmandtelevisionbusiness.Advancesindigitalvideoandbroadbandhavevastlyloweredthecostofproductionanddistribution.FilmmakersarenowfollowingthepathblazedbybloggersandmusicianscheaplycreatinganduploadingtheirworktotheWeb.IfitappealstoanyoftheNet’snichesmillionsofuserswillpassalongtheirfilmsthroughe-maildownloadsorlinks.It’sthedawnofthedemocratizationoftheTVandfilmbusiness--evenunknownpersonalitiesarebeingpropelledbytheenthusiasmoftheirfansintopop-cultureprominencesometimeswithouteventraditionalintermediariesliketalentagentsorfilmfestivals.Thisislikebypasssurgery’saysDanHarmonafilmmakerwhosemonthlyL.A.-basedfilmclubandWebsiteChannel101letsmemberssubmitshortvideossuchastherecent70s’musicmockumentaryYachtRockandvoteonwhichtheylikebest.Finallywehaveanewgoldenagewheretheartisthasadirectconnectiontotheaudience;ThedirectorsbehindLazySundayembodythephenomenon.Whentheshaggy-hairedSamberg27graduatedfromNYUFilmSchoolin2001hefacedtheconventionalchallengeorcrashingthegatesOfHollywood.WithhistwochildhoodfriendsAkivaSchafferandJormaTacconehecameupwithanunconventionalsolution:theystartedrecordingmusicparodiesandcomicvideosandpostingthemtotheirWebsiteTheLonelyisland.com.ThematerialgottheattentionofproducersattheoldABCsitcomSpinCitywhereSambergandTacconeworkedaslow-levelassistants;theproducerssentacompilationtoatalentagency.ThefriendsgotanagentmadeacoupleofpilotTVsketchshowsforComedyCentralandFoxfeaturingthemselveshammingitupinnearlyalltherolesandwrotejokesfortheMTVMovieAwards.EvenwhenthenetworkspassedontheirpilotsSambergandhisfriendssimplypostedtheepisodesonlineandtheirfanbase--at40000uniquevisitorsamonthearlierthisyear--grewlarger.LastAugustSambergjoinedtheSNLcastandSchafferandTacconebecamewriters.NowtheyshareanofficeinRockefellerCenterandarealittletoocuteforeveryoneSambergsaysWearefriendslivingourdream.ShortfunnyvideoslikeLazySundayhappentotranslateonlinebutnoteverythingworksaswell.Bite-sizefilmsaremorepracticalthanlongerones;comedyplaysbetterthandrama.Butalmosteverythingisworthtryingsincethetoolstocreateandpostvideoarenowsocheapandadhocaudiencescanformaroundanysensibilityhowevereccentric.Thepurposeofthistextisprimarilyto______.
本题为选做题请在ⅠⅡ两道试题中选取其中一道作答若两题都回答只按第1道试题的成绩计入总分选做题Ⅰ以下是关于美国人权外交和中国人权状况的材料材料1新华社1991年12月9日电美国参议院外委会不久前就美国是否参加公民权利和政治权利国际公约举行了听证会初步结论是美国__高于国际法参议院不宜轻易批准这一公约电文报道了美国至今未参加禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约和们消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约对此美国国际法学会执行副会长哈格罗夫说美国连主要的国际人权公约都没有加入它又用什么立场来关注别国__呢材料2美国学者劳伦斯·肖曾针对美国罗伯特·肯尼迪基金会把当年的人权奖发给__及美国的自由之家__授予达赖喇嘛自由奖章等问题说人权运动的实际攻击目标主要是社会主义国家它具有强烈的__和冷战倾向他还说人权运动的最终目的是试图鼓励社会主义国家的持不同政见者材料3中国的人权状况白皮书中说中国政府自1980年先后签署批准并加入了防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约关于难民地位的议定书禁止酷刑和其他残忍不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约等七个国际人权公约请回答1中国和美国加入国际有关人权公约的不同态度说明了什么2美国人权外交的实质是什么3对美国的人权外交我们应该采取什么态度和做法选做题Ⅱ在处理社会主义国家之间关系的问题上铁托等南斯拉夫领导人与苏联领导人之间存在着分歧与对立现将有关材料摘录如下材料1无论我们每个人多么热爱社会主义的故乡苏联他决不能爱自己的国家亚于爱苏联因为他自己的国家同样是正在发展社会主义——这里具体说就是南斯拉夫联邦人民共和国这个国家的成千上万最进步的人们已经为国捐躯我们深知这种道理在苏联也是这样理解的——摘自1948年4月13日铁托等人致苏联领导人的一封信材料2情报局认为南共领导所犯错误的基础在于这样一个毋庸置疑的事实即先前以伪装形式存在的民族主义因素在过去五六个月的时间内在南共领导中获得了统治地位因此南共领导同南共的国际主义传统决裂而走上民族主义道路南斯拉夫领导人显然不了解或者可能是假装不了解这样一条民族主义路线只能使南斯拉夫蜕变成一个普通的资产阶级共和国丧失独立沦为帝国主义国家的殖民地情报局并不怀疑南共党内忠于马列主义忠于南共国际传统忠于社会主义统一战线的健康分子大有人在健康分子的任务是迫使他们现在的领导人承认他们的错误并且公开地诚恳地加以纠正迫使他们与民族主义决裂回到国际主义上来千方百计地巩固反对帝国主义的社会主义统一战线如果南斯拉夫__现在的领导人办不到这一点这些健康分子的任务就是取而代之形成党的国际主义的新领导——摘自1948年6月28日__情报局关于开除南斯拉夫的决议材料3两国政府同意采取进一步的措施实现关系正常化并发展两国的合作因为他们深信这样做符合两国人民的利益而且是对缓和紧张局势与巩固世界和平的一种贡献两国政府在谈判过程中表现了进一步发展苏联与南斯拉夫全面合作的真诚愿望这种合作完全符合两国的利益也符合和平与社会主义的利益而且当前存在着合作的客观条件为了加强人民之间的相互信任与合作两国政府从下述原则出发审查了作为此次谈判目的各项问题和平不可分它是集体安全赖以建立的唯一基础尊重主权独立和领土完整尊重两国相互关系中以及与其他国家的关系中的平等地位承认并发展国家之间的和平共处而不论其意识形态分歧和社会制度的不同这意味着一切国家在一般国际关系中特别是在经济与文化联系中进行合作互相尊重不以任何无论是经济政治或意识形态性质的理由干涉他国内政因为国内的政治结构问题不同的社会制度问题以及发展社会主义不同的具体形式问题完全是各国人民自己的事情——摘自1955年6月2日南斯拉夫和苏联两国的贝尔格莱德宣言材料41968年8月20日苏联等华沙条约5国入侵捷克斯洛伐克遭到了包括铁托和南斯拉夫人民在内的世界舆论的谴责勃列日涅夫则认为当社会主义的内外敌对势力试图扭转某个社会主义国家的发展复辟资本主义制度当那个国家的社会主义事业遭到了危险——对整个社会主义共同体的安全构成威胁——这就不再仅仅是那个国家人民的问题而变成了一个共同的问题——所有社会主义国家关心的问题——摘自1968年11月12日勃列日涅夫在波兰__代表大会上的讲话请回答1比较材料1和2说明苏南冲突时就民族利益和社会主义利益的关系而言双方的根本分歧及各自的目的2参照材料2指出材料3所反映的苏联在苏南两国关系准则上所做的重大让步并简析其原因3比较材料2和4指出苏联1968年入侵捷克斯洛伐克的借口与当年情报局开除南斯拉夫时的借口的异同4与材料3相比材料4所示苏联在社会主义国家间相互关系问题上的态度发生了较大的变化试指出发生这一变化的原因5根据以上材料指出正确处理社会主义国家间相互关系的基本准则
依据唯物辩证法普遍联系的原理下列观点正确的是
__在庆祝中国__成立八十周年大会上的__我们建立了社会主义制度实现了中国历史上最广泛最深刻的社会变革我们创造性地实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的转变全面确立了社会主义的基本制度使占世界人口1/4的东方大国进入了社会主义社会这是中国社会变革和历史进步的巨大飞跃也极大支持和推进了世界社会主义事业请根据__这段科学论述分析说明社会主义改造的完成与社会主义制度在中国确立的伟大意义是什么
四大家族垄断全国金融业的第一个重要基地是
对手工业进行社会主义改造的方针是
全面提高对外开放水平当前尤其要注意的是
WashingtonJune22--MorethanthreedecadesaftertheEndangeredSpeciesActgavethefederalgovernmenttoolsandamandatetoprotectanimalsinsectsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctionthelandmarklawisfacingthemostintenseeffortseverbytheWhiteHouseCongresslandownersandindustrytolimititsreach. 46Morethananytimeinthelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentandindirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedintheagenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress. InsomecasesthechallengesarebroadandsweepingaswhentheBushadministrationinalegalbattleoverthebestwaytoprotectendangeredsalmondeclaredWesterndamstobeasmuch.apartofthelandscapeastheriverstheycontrol.47InotherstheactionsaredeepintherealmofregulatorybureaucracyaswhenaWhiteHouseappointeeattheInteriorDepartmentsoughttoinfluencescientificrecommendationsinvolvingthesagegrouse松鸡abirdwhosehabitatincludesareasoflikelyoilandgasdeposits. Someenvironmentalistsreadilyconcedethatthelawhaslongoveremphasizedthestick处罚andprovidedfewercarrots奖励forprivateintereststhanitmight.Butsomeofthemalsofearthatthelaw’sdefectswillbeusedasajustificationforawholesaleevisceration修改法案使之失去效力. "There’sanalignmentoftheplanetsofpeopleagainsttheEndangeredSpeciesActinCongressintheWhiteHouseandintheagencies"saidJamieRappaportClarkexecutivevicepresidentofDefendersofWildlifealobbyinggroupbasedinWashington. 48OntheoppositesideRobertD.ThorntonalawyerfordevelopersandIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthegovernmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’sabilitytousetheirownland. "I’veraisedachildandsenthimthroughcollegewaitingforCongresstoamendtheEndangeredSpeciesAct"hesaid."ButIdothinkthatalotofforcesarejoiningnow." 49TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973setoutagoalthatpollsshowisstillwidelyadmired:ensuringthatspeciesfacingextinctionbesavedandrobustpopulationsberestored. Currently1264speciesareconsideredthreatenedorendangered.SomelikethebighornsheepoftheSouthernCaliforniamountainshaveobviouspopularappealandaconstituencywhileothersliketheKretschmarrCavemoldbeetleinSouthTexasareanacquiredtaste. Butinthepast30yearslawsuitsfromallsideshaveproliferated.50AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthasbeendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingittofederalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingandotheractivities. A"criticalhabitat"designationgivesthefederalgovernmentnodirectauthoritytoregulateprivatelandusebutitdoesrequirefederalagenciestotaketheissueintoaccountwhenmakingregulatorydecisionsaboutprivatedevelopment. Theconflictsarebecomingsharperastheneedsofnewlyrecognizedendangeredspeciesareinterferingmoreoftenwiththedemandsofexurbandevelopment. Morethananytimeinthelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentandindirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedintheagenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress.
__提出一切反动派都是纸老虎的论断针对的是
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwritingmadetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______ A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. C.Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. E.Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. F.Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. G.Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineag 42
WashingtonJune22--MorethanthreedecadesaftertheEndangeredSpeciesActgavethefederalgovernmenttoolsandamandatetoprotectanimalsinsectsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctionthelandmarklawisfacingthemostintenseeffortseverbytheWhiteHouseCongresslandownersandindustrytolimititsreach. 46Morethananytimeinthelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentandindirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedintheagenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress. InsomecasesthechallengesarebroadandsweepingaswhentheBushadministrationinalegalbattleoverthebestwaytoprotectendangeredsalmondeclaredWesterndamstobeasmuch.apartofthelandscapeastheriverstheycontrol.47InotherstheactionsaredeepintherealmofregulatorybureaucracyaswhenaWhiteHouseappointeeattheInteriorDepartmentsoughttoinfluencescientificrecommendationsinvolvingthesagegrouse松鸡abirdwhosehabitatincludesareasoflikelyoilandgasdeposits. Someenvironmentalistsreadilyconcedethatthelawhaslongoveremphasizedthestick处罚andprovidedfewercarrots奖励forprivateintereststhanitmight.Butsomeofthemalsofearthatthelaw’sdefectswillbeusedasajustificationforawholesaleevisceration修改法案使之失去效力. "There’sanalignmentoftheplanetsofpeopleagainsttheEndangeredSpeciesActinCongressintheWhiteHouseandintheagencies"saidJamieRappaportClarkexecutivevicepresidentofDefendersofWildlifealobbyinggroupbasedinWashington. 48OntheoppositesideRobertD.ThorntonalawyerfordevelopersandIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthegovernmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’sabilitytousetheirownland. "I’veraisedachildandsenthimthroughcollegewaitingforCongresstoamendtheEndangeredSpeciesAct"hesaid."ButIdothinkthatalotofforcesarejoiningnow." 49TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973setoutagoalthatpollsshowisstillwidelyadmired:ensuringthatspeciesfacingextinctionbesavedandrobustpopulationsberestored. Currently1264speciesareconsideredthreatenedorendangered.SomelikethebighornsheepoftheSouthernCaliforniamountainshaveobviouspopularappealandaconstituencywhileothersliketheKretschmarrCavemoldbeetleinSouthTexasareanacquiredtaste. Butinthepast30yearslawsuitsfromallsideshaveproliferated.50AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthasbeendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingittofederalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingandotheractivities. A"criticalhabitat"designationgivesthefederalgovernmentnodirectauthoritytoregulateprivatelandusebutitdoesrequirefederalagenciestotaketheissueintoaccountwhenmakingregulatorydecisionsaboutprivatedevelopment. Theconflictsarebecomingsharperastheneedsofnewlyrecognizedendangeredspeciesareinterferingmoreoftenwiththedemandsofexurbandevelopment. OntheoppositesideRobertD.ThorntonalawyerfordevelopersandIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthegovernmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’sabilitytousetheirownland.
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