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[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 41
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurp9ses.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.HedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichtheSpacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Towardthenovelliteraryideatheauthor’sattitudeseemstobethatof
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions: YouareacollegestudentintheEnglishDepartment.Recentlyyouhavebeenmademonitorinyourclassandyouaregoingtomakeaspeechinfrontofyourclassmates.You’llmakepreparationsforthespeechinwhichyoushould 1expressyourpleasure 2statebrieflyyourmoves 3andgivecomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivil’WarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. Keneally’sbiographyisintendedmainlyto
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomething
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurp9ses.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.HedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichtheSpacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationof
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 43
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 45
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivil’WarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. Thistextappearstobeadigestof
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneof
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivil’WarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. ThecaseofMrsSickles’unfortunatestoryismentionedtoillustrate
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