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Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 41
Akeyreasonthenewsmediaexistswithspecialprivilegesistobeourwatchdogs.Reporters’chargeistoalertuswhensomethingiswrongwhenhumanornaturaldisastersareabouttothreatenourwelfare.Whenitcomestonaturaldisastersthenewsmediadoapraisablejobofreportingtheobviousbutnotaverygoodoneofpreparingthepublicforwhatmighthappenforalertingustopotentialdifficulties.Whenitcomestohumandisastersespeciallyproblemsingovernmentandeconomicmattersthepresshasfailedmiserably.ForexampleTimemagazinefinallytoldthepublicinarecentcoverstorywhatonlythemostquickobserversalreadyknew:TheGreatRetirementRipoff偷窃:MillionsofAmericanswhothinktheywillretirewithbenefitsaregoingbeshocked.Howcorporationsarepickingpeople’spockets—withthehelpofCongress...HowcanthislegalWherewasthemediawheneachpieceofcorporate-biasedlegislationwasbeingpassedWhywasn’tCongressafraidtopasssuchlegislationBecausethemediahasdecidedthatnewsconcerningCongressisoflittleinteresttoitsaudience.TVnewsmanagershavebelievedthateconomicandsocialissuesaretoocomplicatedforthepublictograsp.Newspapereditorsoccasionallyprintsuchstoriesbutmostlytheyconcentrateonhuman-interestfeaturesconsumerhealthsectionsandentertainment.Hardnewsholesareshrinkingandinvestigativejournalismiscarriedoutonlyonoccasion.Itistoodifficultandcostly.Besidesitantagonizesadvertiserswhileseldomincreasingcirculation.Magazinesthatwouldlookintosuchsubjectsseemtobedyingout.Theresultisthatnooneiswatchingtherichandpowerfulsotheycandoalmostanythingwithimpunity不受惩罚.MillionsofAmericanshavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightwhilethenewsmediahasbusieditselfwithcelebritytrialsandsensationalcrimestories.Corporationsstealthepublicblindunderlegislationauthorizedbygovernmentofficials.Companiesfileforbankruptcyprotectioncuttingoffmedicalandlife-insurancebenefitsforretirees.Itisn’tanewphenomenon.Forthemostparttoday’spresshasletdowntheAmericanpublictimeandtimeagain.Ifitseemstobegettingworseit’sbecausetherearesomanysegmentsofthemediathatshouldbetellingusinanaccurateandfairmannerwhatourelectedofficialsaredoingbeforeit’stoolatetotakeaction.It’shardertoblamecorporationsbecausetheymakenobonesabouttheirmission:makeasmuchmoneyaspossibleatallcosts.ThoseinCongressaresupposedtoprotectusandlookoutforourinterests.Yetitappearstheyconstantlyhelptheirpowerfulsupporterswhooftenbuytheirofficesforthem.Nooneisdoingtherightthing.Thejokeapparentlyisonallofus—theoldandthesickwhowillhavenohelpinthefutureandtheyoungburdenedwiththedebtofcaringfortheirimpoverishedeldersfortherestoftheirlives.ThestatementTheymakenobonesabouttheirmissionisusedtoimplythat______
SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Nowofcoursewedon’trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatit’sokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthedisciplinevaluestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedtheenjoyyourselfmessagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedabouttheenjoyyourselfsidebutacknowledgedthatwithoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse.Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.Thedisciplineortraditionalvaluesthemedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.Theenjoyyourselfmessageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcan’t.resistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:Iloveme.I’mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI’lldrinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisn’tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.Fromthelastparagraphwemayinferthat______.
Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriver’slicensetelephone-isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoodssaysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitI’mnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyI’vebecomeyouraccount.OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdon’thavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollins’casetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand＄6000insolicitor’sfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry’srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.Ifthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameyou______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriver’slicensetelephone-isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoodssaysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitI’mnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyI’vebecomeyouraccount.OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdon’thavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollins’casetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand＄6000insolicitor’sfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry’srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone’sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhavetocreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuyallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomen’smake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany’scarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism’strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.Businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumerbecauseit______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Nowofcoursewedon’trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatit’sokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthedisciplinevaluestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedtheenjoyyourselfmessagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedabouttheenjoyyourselfsidebutacknowledgedthatwithoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse.Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.Thedisciplineortraditionalvaluesthemedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.Theenjoyyourselfmessageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcan’t.resistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:Iloveme.I’mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI’lldrinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisn’tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.Accordingtothedisciplineortraditionalvaluestheme______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomen’smovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawoman’sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyfromworkers’clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsarcincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.Whatisthemoststrikingfeatureofjeansinthewomen’smovement
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomen’smovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawoman’sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyfromworkers’clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsarcincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.Accordingtotheauthorjeansareafashionthat______.
The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone’sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhavetocreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuyallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomen’smake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany’scarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism’strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.Atypicalexampleofcreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfyis______.
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.
Directions:TheStudentsUnionofyouruniversityisplanningtostaracampaigntofightagainsttheappallingwasteonthecampus.YouareexpectedtowritealetterofproposalonbehalfoftheStudentsUnioncallingonallstudentstotakepartinthiscampaign.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useTheStudentsUnioninstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 43
Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriver’slicensetelephone-isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoodssaysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitI’mnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyI’vebecomeyouraccount.OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdon’thavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollins’casetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand＄6000insolicitor’sfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry’srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.Whichofthefollowingmayleastmakeyoufallpreytoanonviolentcrime
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedon 43
SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Nowofcoursewedon’trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatit’sokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes. Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthe"discipline"valuestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedthe"enjoyyourself"messagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedaboutthe"enjoyyourself"sidebutacknowledgedthat"withoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse." Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.The"discipline"or"traditionalvalues"themedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth. The"enjoyyourself"messageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcan’t.resistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:"Iloveme.I’mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI’lldrinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow." SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisn’tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall. FromthefirstparagraphweknowthatadsinAmericaarevery
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 45
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedon 45
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedon 41
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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