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Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufac
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
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Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanu
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AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373wordsNotes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地AccordingtothecontextthewordeffluentsinPara.1isclosestinmeaningto
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 46
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__Themainideaofthetextisthat
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgoodhesaid.Incomesinmanycountrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger.Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblemshesaid.WhatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage.Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinsideshesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakofsaysoneSingaporeanresident.Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance.Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic.GlobalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehaltedaunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommentedIt’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry.401wordsNotes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂suckaway减少WhenmentioningJaniceYaweetheauthoristalkingabout
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 18
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 14
Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior.TheamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifyingOrlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrtanssaidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair.Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitivenesshesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation--instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.414wordsNotes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气急躁的lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开ThurmanGraftonsuggeststhat
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373wordsNotes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地Accordingtothelogicalclueofthetextthesecondparagraphisanexampletoshowthat
Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior.TheamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifyingOrlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrtanssaidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair.Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitivenesshesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation--instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.414wordsNotes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气急躁的lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthecontentofthetextis
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 8
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interprettheirintendedmeaningsand 3pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 50
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 20
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 46
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 50
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgoodhesaid.Incomesinmanycountrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger.Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblemshesaid.WhatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage.Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinsideshesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakofsaysoneSingaporeanresident.Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance.Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic.GlobalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehaltedaunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommentedIt’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry.401wordsNotes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂suckaway减少Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthemainideaofthetextwouldbe
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 10
Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior.TheamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifyingOrlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrtanssaidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair.Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitivenesshesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation--instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.414wordsNotes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气急躁的lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开Itissuggestedtowardtheendofthetextthat
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 2
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 6
Directions. Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 注1．重点作文务必背记 2．第1段第1句译文现在北京有那么多音乐会和话剧供人们选择 3．etiquette礼节interval中间休息时间doone’spart尽责 1describethecartoonbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythecartoonand 3giveyourpointofview. Youshouldwrite160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 4
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 12
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgoodhesaid.Incomesinmanycountrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger.Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblemshesaid.WhatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage.Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinsideshesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakofsaysoneSingaporeanresident.Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance.Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic.GlobalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehaltedaunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommentedIt’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry.401wordsNotes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂suckaway减少AsforglobalizationMichaelTenet’sattitudetoitismostprobably
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 48
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.[ G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 44
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.[ G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 42
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 16
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphofthetextthat
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 48
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