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下述哪个情况，不易形成静脉血栓
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股静脉血栓形成时下述哪项结局不易发生
阻塞血流
机化
钙化
血流完全恢复正常
脱落
股静脉血栓形成时下述结局不易发生的是
阻塞血流
机化
脱落
钙化
广泛性出血
下列情况不伴静脉曲张的是
肝静脉阻塞
深静脉血栓形成
动静脉瘘
门静脉血栓形成
血栓闭塞性脉管炎
手术后早期离床活动的目的中下述哪个是不正确的
促进伤口愈合
预防下肢静脉血栓形成
减少腹胀和尿潴留
减少感染扩散
股静脉血栓形成时.下述哪种结局不易发生?
阻塞血流
机化
脱落
钙化
血流完全恢复正常
下述关于下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征描述不正确的是
浅静脉曲张
足靴区溃疡
常规行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术效果佳
需长期弹力袜支持
静脉血栓形成习惯上分成
原发性血栓和继发性血栓形成
外周静脉血栓和中心静脉血栓形成
肢体静脉血栓和腹腔静脉血栓形成
静脉血栓形成和血栓性静脉炎
以上都不是
股静脉血栓形成时下述哪项结局不易发生
阻塞血流
机化
钙化
血流完全恢复止常
脱落
股静脉血栓形成时下述哪种结局不易发生
钙化
阻塞血流
脱落
机化
广泛性出血
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WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.ApracticalproblemwiththeIt’sallaboutmestudyisthat
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.AccordingtothepassagethemajoradvantageoftheInternetis
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945--whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld--thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail."HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41.______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42.______ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43.______ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedaffyrationofcalamities. 44.______ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45.______ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads"whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.WhatatremendouslyUsefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 44
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ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945--whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld--thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail."HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3supportyourviewswithexamples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.Theoldsoftwareindustryjokeisusedinthetextto
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Thewordwhistleblowerparagraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
__在论十大关系中所明确的根本思想是
处在相对价值形式上的商品的价值通过
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41.______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42.______ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43.______ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedaffyrationofcalamities. 44.______ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45.______ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads"whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.WhatatremendouslyUsefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 42
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945--whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld--thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail."HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945--whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld--thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman--haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Jenniferseemstobelievethat
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
恩格斯认为一旦社会有了某种需要则这种需要会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进这种观点的哲学寓意以及可以引出的结论是
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman--haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Pageseemstobelievethat
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