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肺癌的恶性程度最低的类型是
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肺癌组织学类型中恶性程度最高的是
鳞状细胞癌
腺癌
小细胞癌
大细胞癌
燕麦细胞癌
肺癌恶性程度最高的类型是
鳞癌
腺鳞癌
小细胞未分化癌
混合型癌
肉瘤样癌
肺癌中恶性程度高生长快较早发生转移的病理类型是
腺癌
大细胞癌
鳞癌
小细胞癌
混合型肺癌
肺癌中恶性程度最低的类型是
未分化癌
腺癌
鳞癌
大细胞癌
小细胞癌
小细胞肺癌的特点是
常见于男性
是发病率最高的肺癌病理类型
多为周围性肺癌
是恶性程度最高的肺癌
对放疗和化疗不敏感
恶性肿瘤的恶性程度与肿瘤的分化程度密切相关未分化的肿瘤恶性程度最低
肺癌恶性程度最高的类型
鳞癌
腺癌
小细胞未分化癌
大细胞未分化癌
细支气管肺泡癌
肺癌恶性程度最高的类型是
鳞癌
腺癌
小细胞未分化癌
大细胞未分化癌
细支气管肺泡癌
肺癌中恶性程度最低的类型是
类癌
腺癌
鳞癌
大细胞癌
小细胞癌
肺癌恶性程度最高的类型
鳞癌
腺癌
小细胞癌
大细胞未分化癌
细支气管肺泡癌
肺癌恶性程度最高的类型是
鳞癌
腺癌
小细胞未分化癌
大细胞未分化癌
细支气管肺泡癌
肺癌中恶性程度最高的类型是
鳞癌
腺癌
小细胞癌
大细胞癌
肺癌中恶性程度最低的类型是
类癌
腺癌
鳞癌
大细胞癌
肺癌中恶性程度最低的类型是
类癌
腺癌
鳞癌
大细胞癌
小细胞癌(45/2005)
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Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
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Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
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Priortothe20thcenturymany languageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.The increasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmall languagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolationakeyfactorinlanguage maintenanceandpreservation.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthe worldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead. Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:populationgrowthwhichpushes migrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;masstourism; globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;andthespreadofgiganticglobal corporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthe languageofadvertisingpopularcultureandconsumerproductsbecomesimilar. AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguages ofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speopleslearningoneof theselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducationeconomicopportunityanda betterwayoflife.Onlyabout3000languagesnowinuseare expectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthe centuryafterthatWhethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewill probablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentity alivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasison bilingualismmasteryoftwolanguages.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirown languageinsmallerspheres—athomeamongfriendsincommunitysettings—anda globallanguageatworkindealingswithgovernmentandincommercialspheres. Inthiswaymanysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguistic integrityalongsidegloballanguagesratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing 同化的forcesofglobalization.Ironicallythetrendof technologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelp savethem.Forexamplesomeexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslation toolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternet usingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer-aided learningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.For manyendangeredlanguagesthelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin. Languageisremarkablyresilient有活力的however.Itisnotjustatoolfor communicatingbutalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroupsorof demonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous原生的土著的communitieshaveshown thatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheirunique identitiesthroughlanguage.Accordingtotheauthorbilingualismcanhelp______.
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Everyoneitseemshasahealth problem.AfterpouringbillionsintotheNationalHealthServiceBritishpeople moanaboutdirtyhospitalslongwaitsandwastedmoney.InGermanythenew chancellorAngelaMerkelisunderfireforsuggestingchangingthefinancing ofitshealthsystem.Canada’snewConservativePrimeMinisterStephenHarper madeabigfussduringtheelectionaboutreducingthecountry’slengthymedical queues.Acrosstherichworldaffluenceageingandadvancingtechnologyare drivinguphealthspendingfasterthanincome.Butnowherehasa biggerhealthproblemthanAmerica.Soaringmedicalbillsaresqueezingwages swellingtheranksoftheuninsuredandpushinghugefirmsandperhapseventhe governmenttowardsbankruptcy.Ford’sannouncementthisweekthatitwouldcut upto30000jobsby2012wasasmuchasignofitslegacyhealth-carecostsas oftheillsofthecarindustry.Pushedbypollsthatshowhealthcareisoneof hismaindomesticproblemsandbyforecastsshowingthattheretiring baby-boomers生育高峰期出生的人willcrushthegovernment’sfinancesGeorgeBushis expectedtounveilareformplaninnextweek’sstate-of-the-union address.America’shealthsystemisunlikeanyother.TheUnited Statesspends16%ofitsGDPonhealtharoundtwicetherich-countryaverage equivalentto$6280foreveryAmericaneachyear.Yetitistheonlyrich countrythatdoesnotguaranteeuniversalhealthcoverage.Thankstoanaccident ofhistorymostAmericansreceivehealthinsurancethroughtheiremployerwith thegovernmentpickingupthebillforthepoorandtheelderly. Thiscurioushybrid混合物certainlyhasitsstrengths.Americanshavemore choicethananybodyelseandtheirhealth-caresystemismuchmoreinnovative. Europeans’billscouldbemuchhigherifAmericanmedicinewerenotdoingmuch oftheirResearchandDevelopmentR&Dforthem.Buttherearealsohuge weaknesses.Theonemostoftencited—especiallybyforeigners—isthearmyof uninsured.Some46millionAmericansdonothavecover.Inmanycasesthatis outofchoiceandiftheyfallseriouslyillhospitalshavetotreatthem.But itisstilldeeplyunequal.Andtherearealsoshockinginefficiencies:bysome measures30%ofAmericanhealthspendingiswasted.Thenthere isthequestionofstatesupport.ManyAmericansdisapproveofthesocialized medicineofCanadaandEurope.Infactevenifmuchoftheadministrationis doneprivatelyaround60%ofAmerica’shealth-carebillendsupbeingmetby thegovernment.ProportionatelytheAmericanstatealreadyspendsasmuchon healthastheOECDOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment averageandthatshareissettogrowasthebaby-boomersrunuptheirMedicare billsandevermoreemployersavoidprovidinghealth-carecoverage.Americais ineffectheadingtowardsaversionofsocializedmedicineby default.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
国内生产总值是指
Priortothe20thcenturymany languageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.The increasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmall languagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolationakeyfactorinlanguage maintenanceandpreservation.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthe worldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead. Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:populationgrowthwhichpushes migrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;masstourism; globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;andthespreadofgiganticglobal corporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthe languageofadvertisingpopularcultureandconsumerproductsbecomesimilar. AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguages ofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speopleslearningoneof theselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducationeconomicopportunityanda betterwayoflife.Onlyabout3000languagesnowinuseare expectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthe centuryafterthatWhethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewill probablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentity alivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasison bilingualismmasteryoftwolanguages.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirown languageinsmallerspheres—athomeamongfriendsincommunitysettings—anda globallanguageatworkindealingswithgovernmentandincommercialspheres. Inthiswaymanysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguistic integrityalongsidegloballanguagesratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing 同化的forcesofglobalization.Ironicallythetrendof technologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelp savethem.Forexamplesomeexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslation toolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternet usingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer-aided learningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.For manyendangeredlanguagesthelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin. Languageisremarkablyresilient有活力的however.Itisnotjustatoolfor communicatingbutalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroupsorof demonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous原生的土著的communitieshaveshown thatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheirunique identitiesthroughlanguage.Minoritylanguagescanbebestpreservedin______.
根据多恩布次的汇率超调论汇率之所以在受到货币冲击后会做出过度反映是应为
Everyoneitseemshasahealth problem.AfterpouringbillionsintotheNationalHealthServiceBritishpeople moanaboutdirtyhospitalslongwaitsandwastedmoney.InGermanythenew chancellorAngelaMerkelisunderfireforsuggestingchangingthefinancing ofitshealthsystem.Canada’snewConservativePrimeMinisterStephenHarper madeabigfussduringtheelectionaboutreducingthecountry’slengthymedical queues.Acrosstherichworldaffluenceageingandadvancingtechnologyare drivinguphealthspendingfasterthanincome.Butnowherehasa biggerhealthproblemthanAmerica.Soaringmedicalbillsaresqueezingwages swellingtheranksoftheuninsuredandpushinghugefirmsandperhapseventhe governmenttowardsbankruptcy.Ford’sannouncementthisweekthatitwouldcut upto30000jobsby2012wasasmuchasignofitslegacyhealth-carecostsas oftheillsofthecarindustry.Pushedbypollsthatshowhealthcareisoneof hismaindomesticproblemsandbyforecastsshowingthattheretiring baby-boomers生育高峰期出生的人willcrushthegovernment’sfinancesGeorgeBushis expectedtounveilareformplaninnextweek’sstate-of-the-union address.America’shealthsystemisunlikeanyother.TheUnited Statesspends16%ofitsGDPonhealtharoundtwicetherich-countryaverage equivalentto$6280foreveryAmericaneachyear.Yetitistheonlyrich countrythatdoesnotguaranteeuniversalhealthcoverage.Thankstoanaccident ofhistorymostAmericansreceivehealthinsurancethroughtheiremployerwith thegovernmentpickingupthebillforthepoorandtheelderly. Thiscurioushybrid混合物certainlyhasitsstrengths.Americanshavemore choicethananybodyelseandtheirhealth-caresystemismuchmoreinnovative. Europeans’billscouldbemuchhigherifAmericanmedicinewerenotdoingmuch oftheirResearchandDevelopmentR&Dforthem.Buttherearealsohuge weaknesses.Theonemostoftencited—especiallybyforeigners—isthearmyof uninsured.Some46millionAmericansdonothavecover.Inmanycasesthatis outofchoiceandiftheyfallseriouslyillhospitalshavetotreatthem.But itisstilldeeplyunequal.Andtherearealsoshockinginefficiencies:bysome measures30%ofAmericanhealthspendingiswasted.Thenthere isthequestionofstatesupport.ManyAmericansdisapproveofthesocialized medicineofCanadaandEurope.Infactevenifmuchoftheadministrationis doneprivatelyaround60%ofAmerica’shealth-carebillendsupbeingmetby thegovernment.ProportionatelytheAmericanstatealreadyspendsasmuchon healthastheOECDOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment averageandthatshareissettogrowasthebaby-boomersrunuptheirMedicare billsandevermoreemployersavoidprovidinghealth-carecoverage.Americais ineffectheadingtowardsaversionofsocializedmedicineby default.Ford’sannouncementofcuttingupto30000jobsby2012indicatesthatFord______.
WhenThomasKelleroneofAmerica’s foremostchefsannouncedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeof tippingatPerSehisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCityandreplaceitwitha European--styleservicechargeIknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:customers serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedto tipping—astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetippingitseemsis tobeanticapitalistandmaybeevenalittleFrench.ButMr. Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping—andit’sworthexploringwhyjust abouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththe practice.Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkit makeseconomicsense.Waitersknowthattheywon’tgetpaidiftheydon’tdoa goodjobishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesurethisis atemptingapparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheorybutitappears tohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants. MichaelLynnanassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingat Cornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministrationhasconducteddozensofstudiesof tippingandhasconcludedthatconsumers’assessmentsofthequalityofservice correlateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rathercustomersare likelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaning forwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwater glassisrefilled—inotherwordscustomerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynn’sstudiesalsoindicatethatmale customersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincrease theirtipsformaleservers.What’smoreconsumersseemto forgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thusthetippingsystemis anopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscallupselling:every bottleofimportedwatereveryespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyin theserver’spocket.Aggressiveupsellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhile low-keyqualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.Inaddition thepracticeoftippoolingwhichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandis becomingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasy spoonhasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonan individualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcomeyouarepunishingthegood waitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeedthereappearsto belittleconnectionbetweentippingandgood service.ItmaybeinferredthataEuropean-styleservice______.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
某个国家在充分就业下的产出为5000亿美元而自然失业率为5％假定现在的失业率为8％那么当奥肯系数为2时根据奥肯法则该国目前的产出为
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
Advancingagemeanslosingyourhair yourwaistlineandyourmemoryrightDanaDenisisjust40yearsoldbut 21she’sworriedaboutwhatshecallsmyrollingmental blackouts.ItrytoremembersomethingandIjustblankoutshe says.Youmay22abouttheselapses callingthemseniormomentsorblamingearlyAlzheimer’s老年痴呆症.Isitan inescapablefactthattheolderyougetthe23you rememberWellsortof.Butastimegoesbywetendtoblameage24 problemsthatarenotnecessarilyage-related.When ateenagercan’tfindherkeysshethinksit’sbecauseshe’sdistractedor disorganizedsaysPaulGoldA70-year-oldblamesher25 .Infactthe70-year-oldmayhavebeen26 thingsfordecades.Inhealthypeoplememorydoesn’tworsenas 27asmanyofusthink.Aswe28 thememorymechanismisn’t29sayspsychologistFergus Craik.It’sjustinefficient.Thebrain’sprocessing 30slowsdownovertheyearsthoughnooneknowsexactly 31Recentresearchsuggeststhatnervecellslose efficiencyand32there’slessactivityinthebrain.But cautionsBarryGordonIt’snotclearthatlessactivityis33 .Abeginningathleteiswinded气喘吁吁moreeasilythana 34athlete.Inthesameway35the braingetsmoreskilledatataskitexpendslessenergyonit. Thereare36youcantaketocompensatefornormal slippageinyourmemorygearsthoughit37effort. MargaretSewellsays:We’reaquick-fixculturebutyouhaveto38 tokeepyourbrain39shape.It’slikehavinga goodbody.Youcan’tgotothegymonceayear40expect tostayintopform.
Priortothe20thcenturymany languageswithsmallnumbersofspeakerssurvivedforcenturies.The increasinglyinterconnectedmodernworldmakesitmuchmoredifficultforsmall languagecommunitiestoliveinrelativeisolationakeyfactorinlanguage maintenanceandpreservation.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthe worldcanmaintainitslinguisticandculturaldiversityinthecenturiesahead. Manypowerfulforcesappeartoworkagainstit:populationgrowthwhichpushes migrantpopulationsintotheworld’slastisolatedlocations;masstourism; globaltelecommunicationsandmassmedia;andthespreadofgiganticglobal corporations.Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthe languageofadvertisingpopularcultureandconsumerproductsbecomesimilar. AlreadyEnglishandafewothermajortongueshaveemergedasgloballanguages ofcommerceandcommunication.Formanyoftheworld’speopleslearningoneof theselanguagesisviewedasthekeytoeducationeconomicopportunityanda betterwayoflife.Onlyabout3000languagesnowinuseare expectedtosurvivethecomingcentury.Aremostoftherestdoomedinthe centuryafterthatWhethermostoftheselanguagessurvivewill probablydependonhowstronglyculturalgroupswishtokeeptheiridentity alivethroughanativelanguage.Todosowillrequireanemphasison bilingualismmasteryoftwolanguages.Bilingualspeakerscouldusetheirown languageinsmallerspheres—athomeamongfriendsincommunitysettings—anda globallanguageatworkindealingswithgovernmentandincommercialspheres. Inthiswaymanysmalllanguagescouldsustaintheirculturalandlinguistic integrityalongsidegloballanguagesratherthanyieldtothehomogenizing 同化的forcesofglobalization.Ironicallythetrendof technologicalinnovationthathasthreatenedminoritylanguagescouldalsohelp savethem.Forexamplesomeexpertspredictthatcomputersoftwaretranslation toolswillonedaypermitminoritylanguagespeakerstobrowsetheInternet usingtheirnativetongues.Linguistsarecurrentlyusingcomputer-aided learningtoolstoteachavarietyofthreatenedlanguages.For manyendangeredlanguagesthelinebetweenrevivalanddeathisextremelythin. Languageisremarkablyresilient有活力的however.Itisnotjustatoolfor communicatingbutalsoapowerfulwayofseparatingdifferentgroupsorof demonstratinggroupidentity.Manyindigenous原生的土著的communitieshaveshown thatitispossibletoliveinthemodernworldwhilereclaimingtheirunique identitiesthroughlanguage.Intheauthor’sviewmanyendangeredlanguagesare
2008年诺贝尔经济学奖颁发给美国经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼奖励他
托宾q值是指
WhenThomasKelleroneofAmerica’s foremostchefsannouncedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeof tippingatPerSehisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCityandreplaceitwitha European--styleservicechargeIknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:customers serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedto tipping—astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetippingitseemsis tobeanticapitalistandmaybeevenalittleFrench.ButMr. Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping—andit’sworthexploringwhyjust abouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththe practice.Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkit makeseconomicsense.Waitersknowthattheywon’tgetpaidiftheydon’tdoa goodjobishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesurethisis atemptingapparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheorybutitappears tohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants. MichaelLynnanassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingat Cornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministrationhasconducteddozensofstudiesof tippingandhasconcludedthatconsumers’assessmentsofthequalityofservice correlateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rathercustomersare likelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaning forwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwater glassisrefilled—inotherwordscustomerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynn’sstudiesalsoindicatethatmale customersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincrease theirtipsformaleservers.What’smoreconsumersseemto forgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thusthetippingsystemis anopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscallupselling:every bottleofimportedwatereveryespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyin theserver’spocket.Aggressiveupsellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhile low-keyqualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.Inaddition thepracticeoftippoolingwhichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandis becomingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasy spoonhasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonan individualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcomeyouarepunishingthegood waitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeedthereappearsto belittleconnectionbetweentippingandgood service.AccordingtoMichaelLynn’sstudieswaiterswilllikelygetmoretipsifthey______.
Ipromise.Isweartoyouit’ll neverhappenagain.Igiveyoumyword.Honestly.Believeme.SureI trust.WhynotIteachEnglishcompositionataprivatecollege.Withacertain excitementandintensityIreadmystudents’essayshopingtofindtheperson behindthepen.Aseachsemesterprogressesplagiarism剽窃appears.Notonly ismyintelligenceinsultedasoneassumesIwon’tdetectapolishedpieceof prosefromanotherwise-averagewriterbutIfeelasadnessthatastudenthas resortedtobuyingapaperfromapeer.Writershavestyleslikefingerprints andafterseveralassignmentsIcanmatchastudent’sworkwithhisorhername evenifit’smissingfromtheupperleft-handcorner.Whyis learninglessimportantthanahighergrade-pointaverageGPAWhenwe’re threatenedorsickwemakeconditionalpromises.IfyouletmepassmathI willLordifyougetmeoverthisbeforethebighomecominggameI’llOnce thesituationisbehindussoarethepromises.HumannaturePerhapsbutwe dousethatcliché陈词滥调togetusoutofuncomfortablebargains.Divine interferenceduringdistressisasked;gratitudeisunpaid.Afterallfew fulfillthecontractsowhyshouldanyonebetheexception.Whynot SixyearsagoItookastudentbeforethedean.Hehadturnedinanessay withthevocabularyandsentencestructureofaPhDthesis.Upuntilthattime bothhisout-of-classandin-classworkwereborderlinepassing.I questionedthepersonregardinghisessayandhesworeitwashisownwork.I gavehimtheidenticalassignmentandtoldhimtowriteitinclassandthat I’dunderstandthiscopywouldnothavethetimeandattentionanout-of-class paperisgivenbuthehadalreadyafinishedpiecesoheunderstoodwhatwas asked.Hesatonehourthenturnedinpartofapageofunskilledwritingand faultylogic.Iconfrontedhimwithbothessays.IpromiseI’mnotlying.I sweartoyouthatIwrotetheessay.I’mjustnervoustoday. TheheadoftheEnglishdepartmentagreedwithmyfindingsandthe meetingwiththedeanhadtheboy’sparentspresent.Afteranhourof discussiontouchingoneightoftheboy’spreviousessaysandhisgrade-point averagewhichindicatedhewasalreadyonacademicprobation留校查看thedean agreedthatthestudenthadplagiarized.HisparentsprotestedHe’sonly.a childandweinstructorsarewiserandshouldbecompassionate.Collegepeople arenotreallychildrenandmosttimeswouldresentbeinglabeledassuch exceptinthisuncomfortablecircumstance.Theboy’sparentsthoughttheirsonshouldbeexcusedmainlybecause______.
Ipromise.Isweartoyouit’ll neverhappenagain.Igiveyoumyword.Honestly.Believeme.SureI trust.WhynotIteachEnglishcompositionataprivatecollege.Withacertain excitementandintensityIreadmystudents’essayshopingtofindtheperson behindthepen.Aseachsemesterprogressesplagiarism剽窃appears.Notonly ismyintelligenceinsultedasoneassumesIwon’tdetectapolishedpieceof prosefromanotherwise-averagewriterbutIfeelasadnessthatastudenthas resortedtobuyingapaperfromapeer.Writershavestyleslikefingerprints andafterseveralassignmentsIcanmatchastudent’sworkwithhisorhername evenifit’smissingfromtheupperleft-handcorner.Whyis learninglessimportantthanahighergrade-pointaverageGPAWhenwe’re threatenedorsickwemakeconditionalpromises.IfyouletmepassmathI willLordifyougetmeoverthisbeforethebighomecominggameI’llOnce thesituationisbehindussoarethepromises.HumannaturePerhapsbutwe dousethatcliché陈词滥调togetusoutofuncomfortablebargains.Divine interferenceduringdistressisasked;gratitudeisunpaid.Afterallfew fulfillthecontractsowhyshouldanyonebetheexception.Whynot SixyearsagoItookastudentbeforethedean.Hehadturnedinanessay withthevocabularyandsentencestructureofaPhDthesis.Upuntilthattime bothhisout-of-classandin-classworkwereborderlinepassing.I questionedthepersonregardinghisessayandhesworeitwashisownwork.I gavehimtheidenticalassignmentandtoldhimtowriteitinclassandthat I’dunderstandthiscopywouldnothavethetimeandattentionanout-of-class paperisgivenbuthehadalreadyafinishedpiecesoheunderstoodwhatwas asked.Hesatonehourthenturnedinpartofapageofunskilledwritingand faultylogic.Iconfrontedhimwithbothessays.IpromiseI’mnotlying.I sweartoyouthatIwrotetheessay.I’mjustnervoustoday. TheheadoftheEnglishdepartmentagreedwithmyfindingsandthe meetingwiththedeanhadtheboy’sparentspresent.Afteranhourof discussiontouchingoneightoftheboy’spreviousessaysandhisgrade-point averagewhichindicatedhewasalreadyonacademicprobation留校查看thedean agreedthatthestudenthadplagiarized.HisparentsprotestedHe’sonly.a childandweinstructorsarewiserandshouldbecompassionate.Collegepeople arenotreallychildrenandmosttimeswouldresentbeinglabeledassuch exceptinthisuncomfortablecircumstance.ThesentenceOncethesituationisbehindussoarethepromisesimpliesthat______.
科斯定理是关于
WhenThomasKelleroneofAmerica’s foremostchefsannouncedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeof tippingatPerSehisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCityandreplaceitwitha European--styleservicechargeIknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed:customers serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedto tipping—astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetippingitseemsis tobeanticapitalistandmaybeevenalittleFrench.ButMr. Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtipping—andit’sworthexploringwhyjust abouteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththe practice.Customersbelieveintippingbecausetheythinkit makeseconomicsense.Waitersknowthattheywon’tgetpaidiftheydon’tdoa goodjobishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tobesurethisis atemptingapparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheorybutitappears tohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants. MichaelLynnanassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingat Cornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministrationhasconducteddozensofstudiesof tippingandhasconcludedthatconsumers’assessmentsofthequalityofservice correlateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rathercustomersare likelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandleaning forwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwater glassisrefilled—inotherwordscustomerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver notwhentheserviceisgood.Mr.Lynn’sstudiesalsoindicatethatmale customersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincrease theirtipsformaleservers.What’smoreconsumersseemto forgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thusthetippingsystemis anopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscallupselling:every bottleofimportedwatereveryespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyin theserver’spocket.Aggressiveupsellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhile low-keyqualityserviceoftengoesunrecognized.Inaddition thepracticeoftippoolingwhichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandis becomingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasy spoonhasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonan individualwaiter.Inanunreasonableoutcomeyouarepunishingthegood waitersintherestaurantbynottippingthebadone.Indeedthereappearsto belittleconnectionbetweentippingandgood service.Thispassageismainlyabout______.
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