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Text4StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. TheSenecaFallsconferenceonwomen'srightwas
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationoftheblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsorlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtotheNorthfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrialcities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYorkCityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.Theseghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhichblackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettosremainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities. 41.Seriousproblemswithblackghettos.__________ Stablefamilylifewasdifficulttomaintain. 42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.__________ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtotheso-called"underclass"theyareso"under-privileged"andpoorthattheycannotseizetheopportunityforadvancement. 43.Effortstoputanendtoracialdiscrimination.__________ RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobeathornyproblem. 44.Improvementsinlivesoftheblacks.__________ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving. 45.Prevailingviolenceinsolvingracialproblems.__________ Itissaidthattelevisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandbitterblacksforitshowedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendofthe1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities. Theviolencequicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure.CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngelesCaliforniaelectedblackmayors.IntegrationofschoolsdespiteresistancefromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancollegeshasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20millionAmericansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsofwhites. [B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.Inmoreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheirstandardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstillahardstruggle.ThereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmostwalksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchesandsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethe"whitesonly"noticesinbusedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Goneweretherestrictionsthatpreventedblacksvoting.Gonetoowerethehideouslynch-ingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsofinnocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventodaypooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthemoreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect. [D]Manyblackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingtoviolence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilencewouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultinginanegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewouldgivethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedandputmoreracialdiscriminationonthem. [E]Unemployedfatherswouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglectedbytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemorethan700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesandHoustonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblackghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks. [F]RadicalblacksliketheBlackPanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithintheUnionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselvesagainstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.ForawhileviolenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblackMartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipforthosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunnedAmerica. 44
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences .[D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 44
Text2IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million.Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting.Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday.Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife.Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. ThewordcounterproductiveLine3Paragraph4probablymeans
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationoftheblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsorlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtotheNorthfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrialcities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYorkCityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.Theseghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhichblackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettosremainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities. 41.Seriousproblemswithblackghettos.__________ Stablefamilylifewasdifficulttomaintain. 42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.__________ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtotheso-called"underclass"theyareso"under-privileged"andpoorthattheycannotseizetheopportunityforadvancement. 43.Effortstoputanendtoracialdiscrimination.__________ RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobeathornyproblem. 44.Improvementsinlivesoftheblacks.__________ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving. 45.Prevailingviolenceinsolvingracialproblems.__________ Itissaidthattelevisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandbitterblacksforitshowedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendofthe1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities. Theviolencequicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure.CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngelesCaliforniaelectedblackmayors.IntegrationofschoolsdespiteresistancefromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancollegeshasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20millionAmericansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsofwhites. [B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.Inmoreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheirstandardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstillahardstruggle.ThereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmostwalksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchesandsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethe"whitesonly"noticesinbusedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Goneweretherestrictionsthatpreventedblacksvoting.Gonetoowerethehideouslynch-ingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsofinnocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventodaypooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthemoreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect. [D]Manyblackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingtoviolence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilencewouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultinginanegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewouldgivethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedandputmoreracialdiscriminationonthem. [E]Unemployedfatherswouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglectedbytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemorethan700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesandHoustonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblackghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks. [F]RadicalblacksliketheBlackPanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithintheUnionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselvesagainstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.ForawhileviolenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblackMartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipforthosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunnedAmerica. 42
Text3Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation.Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion.Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters.Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Theresultoftheincreasingcostsinnaturaldisastersis
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
Text2IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million.Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting.Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday.Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife.Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Telecommutingmayaffectatelecommuter’sfamilylifebecause
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms.Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit."ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid.Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower.Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround.SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Accordingtothepassagethenewdrill
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences .[D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 42
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.
Text4StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. ThesocietyenvisionedbySaintSimonianswouldbeasocietyinwhich
Text3Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation.Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion.Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters.Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Thepurposeofinsurancecompaniestosupportdisasterpredictionresearchisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million.Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting.Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday.Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife.Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Inthepassagetheauthorintroduceshistopicby
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike.8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text4StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. Theauthor'sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianwhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms.Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit."ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid.Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower.Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround.SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Dr.YosephBar-Cohenseemstosuggestthat
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