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Text 3 As thick-skinned elected officials go, FIFA President Joseph S. Blotter is right up ther...
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46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays.Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims.
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. WhereistheexperimentalAIDSvaccinetested
1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoencouragehonesty.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. WhichofthefollowingisWRONGaccordingtothearticle
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. Whatisthemaintopicofthearticle
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 42
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 44
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. Whenmentioningthesomething-for-nothingdaysParagraphlthewriteristalkingabout
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedeserttheauthoristalkingabout
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. What'sthemainideaofthearticle
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain'spublicservicesmaybe
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Towhichofthefollowistheauthorlikelytoagree
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points14
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 50Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalueshesaysgoodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation.
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. Whatdoestheunderlinedwordcommensurateinthesecondparagraphmean
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. WhatdoesthewordsofDr.'HishamGasseibmeaninthethirdparagraph
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. Accordingtothecontextwhatdoestheunderlinedwordstraininparagraph4mean
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points8
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