易导致缺血性骨坏死的骨折是

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WhenIwasakidIneverknewwhatmyparents—oranyoneelse’s—didforaliving.Asfaras1couldtellallgrownupshadmysteriousjobsthatinvolveddrinkinglotsofcoffeeandarguingaboutRichardNixon.Iftheyhadjob-relatedstresstheykeptitprivate.NowAmericanfamiliesareexpectedtobemoreintimate.Whilethishasresultedinalotmorehugs"Iloveyou’s"andattendanceatkids’footballgamesunfortunatelyweparentsalsoinsistonsharingthefrustrationsofourworklives. Whilewehavecomplainedaboutourjobsorfallenasleepincar-poollinesourchildrenhavebeennoticing.Theyareworriedaboutus.Anewsurvey"Askthechildren"conductedbytheFamiliesandWorkInstituteofNewYorkCityqueriedmorethan1000kidsbetweentheagesof8and18abouttheirparents’worklives."Ifyouweregrantedonewishtochangethewayyourparents’workaffectedyourlife"thesurveyaskedkids"whatwouldthatwishbe"Mostparentsassumedthatchildrenwouldwantmoretimewiththembutonly10%did.Insteadthemostcommonwishamong34%wasthatparentswouldbelessstressedandtiredbywork. AllisonLevinisthemotherofthreeyoungchildrenandaprofessionalinthegrowingfieldof"work/lifequality".Levincounselsemployeeswhoareoverwhelmedbytheirworkandfamilyobligationstocarefullyreviewtheircommitments-notonlyattheofficebutathomeandinthecommunitytoo—andstartparingthemdown."It’snotaboutgettingupearlierinthemorningsoyoucangetmoredone"shesays."It’saboutsayingnoandmakingchoices." Wecanstartbyleavingworkandthoughtsofworkbehindassoonaswestartthetriphome.Dosomethingtogetyourselfinagoodmoodlikelisteningtomusicratherthanreturningcallsonthecellphone.Whenyougethomechangeoutofyourworkclotheslettheansweringmachinetakeyourcallsandstayawayfrome-mail.Whenyourkidsaskaboutyourdaytellthemaboutsomethinggoodthathappened.Inthesurvey69%ofmornssaidtheylikedtheirworkbutonly42%ofkidsthoughttheirmothersreallydid. Parentscanalsode-stressbycuttingbackontheirchildren’sactivities.Ifkeepingupwithyourkid’sscheduleiskillingyouinsistthathechoosebetweenkaratelessonsandthetheatertroupe.Parentsshouldalsosneakawayfromworkandfamilyoccasionallytohavesomefun.Ikeepabasketballinthetrunkofmycan.ImightneverbeabletofixeverythingatworkorathomebutatleastIcanworkonmyjumpshot. Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthatnowadaysthechildren
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutProgramsfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T houghhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware.Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearnigncurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims. 43
法和道德都是由一定的强制力保证实施的社会规范
WhenIwasakidIneverknewwhatmyparents—oranyoneelse’s—didforaliving.Asfaras1couldtellallgrownupshadmysteriousjobsthatinvolveddrinkinglotsofcoffeeandarguingaboutRichardNixon.Iftheyhadjob-relatedstresstheykeptitprivate.NowAmericanfamiliesareexpectedtobemoreintimate.Whilethishasresultedinalotmorehugs"Iloveyou’s"andattendanceatkids’footballgamesunfortunatelyweparentsalsoinsistonsharingthefrustrationsofourworklives. Whilewehavecomplainedaboutourjobsorfallenasleepincar-poollinesourchildrenhavebeennoticing.Theyareworriedaboutus.Anewsurvey"Askthechildren"conductedbytheFamiliesandWorkInstituteofNewYorkCityqueriedmorethan1000kidsbetweentheagesof8and18abouttheirparents’worklives."Ifyouweregrantedonewishtochangethewayyourparents’workaffectedyourlife"thesurveyaskedkids"whatwouldthatwishbe"Mostparentsassumedthatchildrenwouldwantmoretimewiththembutonly10%did.Insteadthemostcommonwishamong34%wasthatparentswouldbelessstressedandtiredbywork. AllisonLevinisthemotherofthreeyoungchildrenandaprofessionalinthegrowingfieldof"work/lifequality".Levincounselsemployeeswhoareoverwhelmedbytheirworkandfamilyobligationstocarefullyreviewtheircommitments-notonlyattheofficebutathomeandinthecommunitytoo—andstartparingthemdown."It’snotaboutgettingupearlierinthemorningsoyoucangetmoredone"shesays."It’saboutsayingnoandmakingchoices." Wecanstartbyleavingworkandthoughtsofworkbehindassoonaswestartthetriphome.Dosomethingtogetyourselfinagoodmoodlikelisteningtomusicratherthanreturningcallsonthecellphone.Whenyougethomechangeoutofyourworkclotheslettheansweringmachinetakeyourcallsandstayawayfrome-mail.Whenyourkidsaskaboutyourdaytellthemaboutsomethinggoodthathappened.Inthesurvey69%ofmornssaidtheylikedtheirworkbutonly42%ofkidsthoughttheirmothersreallydid. Parentscanalsode-stressbycuttingbackontheirchildren’sactivities.Ifkeepingupwithyourkid’sscheduleiskillingyouinsistthathechoosebetweenkaratelessonsandthetheatertroupe.Parentsshouldalsosneakawayfromworkandfamilyoccasionallytohavesomefun.Ikeepabasketballinthetrunkofmycan.ImightneverbeabletofixeverythingatworkorathomebutatleastIcanworkonmyjumpshot. Whichofthefollowingisnotthewaytode-stresstheparents’heavyburden
法由国家制定或认可这一基本特征表明法具有
法律区别于其他社会规范的重要特征是
下列诸项表述中正确的是
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesizednewmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythe"wiring"ofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental. Theterm"informationage"probablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageof"knowledgeanddistributedintelligence"inwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenomehascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome. DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering. Thisisanageofknowledgeanddistributedintelligenceinwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
法律的概括性是指
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutProgramsfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T houghhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware.Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearnigncurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims. 41
Directions: Youarewritingyourfirstlettertoa’penpal’.Describeyourpreviousstudiesandworkexperienceyourcurrentactivitieshobbiesandinterests.Tellyourpenpalthatyouwillbevisitinghis/hercountryduringthesummervacationandsuggestmeetinghim/her. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
从法的本质看法具有
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtosummarizethegistfromParagraph3toParagraph6
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
WhenIwasakidIneverknewwhatmyparents—oranyoneelse’s—didforaliving.Asfaras1couldtellallgrownupshadmysteriousjobsthatinvolveddrinkinglotsofcoffeeandarguingaboutRichardNixon.Iftheyhadjob-relatedstresstheykeptitprivate.NowAmericanfamiliesareexpectedtobemoreintimate.Whilethishasresultedinalotmorehugs"Iloveyou’s"andattendanceatkids’footballgamesunfortunatelyweparentsalsoinsistonsharingthefrustrationsofourworklives. Whilewehavecomplainedaboutourjobsorfallenasleepincar-poollinesourchildrenhavebeennoticing.Theyareworriedaboutus.Anewsurvey"Askthechildren"conductedbytheFamiliesandWorkInstituteofNewYorkCityqueriedmorethan1000kidsbetweentheagesof8and18abouttheirparents’worklives."Ifyouweregrantedonewishtochangethewayyourparents’workaffectedyourlife"thesurveyaskedkids"whatwouldthatwishbe"Mostparentsassumedthatchildrenwouldwantmoretimewiththembutonly10%did.Insteadthemostcommonwishamong34%wasthatparentswouldbelessstressedandtiredbywork. AllisonLevinisthemotherofthreeyoungchildrenandaprofessionalinthegrowingfieldof"work/lifequality".Levincounselsemployeeswhoareoverwhelmedbytheirworkandfamilyobligationstocarefullyreviewtheircommitments-notonlyattheofficebutathomeandinthecommunitytoo—andstartparingthemdown."It’snotaboutgettingupearlierinthemorningsoyoucangetmoredone"shesays."It’saboutsayingnoandmakingchoices." Wecanstartbyleavingworkandthoughtsofworkbehindassoonaswestartthetriphome.Dosomethingtogetyourselfinagoodmoodlikelisteningtomusicratherthanreturningcallsonthecellphone.Whenyougethomechangeoutofyourworkclotheslettheansweringmachinetakeyourcallsandstayawayfrome-mail.Whenyourkidsaskaboutyourdaytellthemaboutsomethinggoodthathappened.Inthesurvey69%ofmornssaidtheylikedtheirworkbutonly42%ofkidsthoughttheirmothersreallydid. Parentscanalsode-stressbycuttingbackontheirchildren’sactivities.Ifkeepingupwithyourkid’sscheduleiskillingyouinsistthathechoosebetweenkaratelessonsandthetheatertroupe.Parentsshouldalsosneakawayfromworkandfamilyoccasionallytohavesomefun.Ikeepabasketballinthetrunkofmycan.ImightneverbeabletofixeverythingatworkorathomebutatleastIcanworkonmyjumpshot. Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbethebesttitleofthispassage
"Hightech"and"stateoftheart"aretwoexpressionsthatdescribeverymoderntechnology.Hightechisjustashorterwayofsayinghightechnology.Andhightechnologydescribesanyinventionsystemofdevicethatusesthenewestideasordiscoveriesofscienceandengineering. WhatishightechAcomputerishightech.Soisacommunicationssatellite.Amodernmanufacturingsystemissurelyhightech. HightechbecameapopularexpressionintheUnitedStatesduringtheearly1980’s.BecauseofimprovementsintechnologypeoplecouldbuymanynewkindsofproductsinAmericanstoressuchashomecomputersmicrowaveovensetc. "Stateoftheart"issomethingthatisasmodernaspossible.Itisaproductthatisbasedontheverylatestmethodsandtechn01ogy.Somethingthatis"stateoftheart"isthenewestpossibledesignorproductofabusinessorindustry.Astateofthearttelevisionsetforexampleusesthemostmodernelectronicdesignandparts.Itisthebestthatonecanbuy. "Stateoftheart"isnotanewexpression.Engineershaveuseditforyearstodescribethebestandmostmodernwayofdoingsomething. MillionsofAmericansbegantousetheexpressioninthelate1970’s.Thereasonwasthecomputerrevolution.Everycomputercompanyclaimedthatitscomputerswere"stateoftheart". Computertechnologychangedsofastthatastateoftheartcomputertodaymightbeoldtomorrow.Theexpression"stateoftheart"becameascommonandpopularascomputersthemselves.Nowallkindsofproductsaresaidtobe"stateoftheart". Whatcanweinferfromthepassage
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress." ThetermtheBigBangprobablyrefersto
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. Onewaytopreventerrorsinadvertisingindifferentcountriesisto
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress." JohnHorgan.Ⅰ.haspublishedabookentitledTheEndofScienceⅡ.hasbeenworkingasaneditorofScientificAmericanⅢ.hasbeenworkingmanyyearsasaliterarycriticⅣ.isworkingasasciencewriter
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutProgramsfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T houghhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware.Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearnigncurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims. 45
所谓即法的强制实施都是通过法定时间与法定空间上的步骤和方式而得以进行的
"Hightech"and"stateoftheart"aretwoexpressionsthatdescribeverymoderntechnology.Hightechisjustashorterwayofsayinghightechnology.Andhightechnologydescribesanyinventionsystemofdevicethatusesthenewestideasordiscoveriesofscienceandengineering. WhatishightechAcomputerishightech.Soisacommunicationssatellite.Amodernmanufacturingsystemissurelyhightech. HightechbecameapopularexpressionintheUnitedStatesduringtheearly1980’s.BecauseofimprovementsintechnologypeoplecouldbuymanynewkindsofproductsinAmericanstoressuchashomecomputersmicrowaveovensetc. "Stateoftheart"issomethingthatisasmodernaspossible.Itisaproductthatisbasedontheverylatestmethodsandtechn01ogy.Somethingthatis"stateoftheart"isthenewestpossibledesignorproductofabusinessorindustry.Astateofthearttelevisionsetforexampleusesthemostmodernelectronicdesignandparts.Itisthebestthatonecanbuy. "Stateoftheart"isnotanewexpression.Engineershaveuseditforyearstodescribethebestandmostmodernwayofdoingsomething. MillionsofAmericansbegantousetheexpressioninthelate1970’s.Thereasonwasthecomputerrevolution.Everycomputercompanyclaimedthatitscomputerswere"stateoftheart". Computertechnologychangedsofastthatastateoftheartcomputertodaymightbeoldtomorrow.Theexpression"stateoftheart"becameascommonandpopularascomputersthemselves.Nowallkindsofproductsaresaidtobe"stateoftheart". WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
法和律连用作为独立合成词最早在中国使用是
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. Thebesttitleofthispassagemightbe
保证法律实施的是
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesizednewmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythe"wiring"ofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental. Theterm"informationage"probablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageof"knowledgeanddistributedintelligence"inwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenomehascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome. DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering. Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.
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