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下列哪些器官发生的梗死属于贫血性梗死
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动物易发生贫血性梗死的器官是
心
肝
肺
胰
胃
下列哪些器官的梗死常为贫血性梗死
肺
脾
心
肾
下列哪个器官发生的贫血性梗死灶呈不规则地图状
脾
肾
心
脑
下列最易发生贫血性梗死的组织器官是
子宫
肠
肺脏
肾脏
脾脏
下列脏器中哪些可发生贫血性梗死
肠
心
肾
脾
肺
贫血性梗死多发生于________较致密________循环不丰富的器官梗死灶内含________较
脾肺心等实质器官通常发生贫血性梗死
下列关于贫血性梗死的描述哪项错误
常发生于组织结构致密的器官
梗死灶灰白色
梗死灶边缘有充血出血带
坏死灶引起炎症反应
常发生于有双重血液供应的器官
下列哪些器官的梗死属于贫血性梗死
心、肺、肠
心、脾、肠
心、脾、肾
心、肾、肺
心、肾、肠
贫血性梗死多为________所致常发生于________________________等器官它们
以下器官都可以发生贫血性梗死除了:
肾脏
脾脏
心脏
小肠
关于梗死的叙述错误的是
有双重血供的器官不易发生梗死
血液循环状态对梗死的发生无影响
侧支循环的建立可防止梗死的发生
动脉痉挛促进梗死的发生
心急梗死属于贫血性梗死
下述哪些器官发生的梗死属于贫血性梗死
心、肺、肠
心、脾、肠
心、脾、肾
心、肾、肺
心、肾、肠
动物易发生贫血性梗死的器官是什么器官
心
肝
肺
胰
胃
动物易发生贫血性梗死的器官是
心
肝
脾
肾
胃
下列最易发生贫血性梗死的组织器官是
子宫
肠
心
肾脏
脾
一般不会发生贫血性梗死的器官是
心
脾
肾
肠
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Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Accordingtothefirstparagraphthegrandfatherresented
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Text3QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield.Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale.OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay.ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. PeopleSoftclaimsthattheoracle'stakeoverofPeopleSoft
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute.Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude:·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephonesWiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources.48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed."49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart."Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtoparagraph4
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. ThewordcustomizedLines3～4Paragraph5canbestbesubstitutedby
Text2 ThechurchofLaPlacitathelittle squareformallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunder Spanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethe futureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere. Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’s parishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalan andSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemas goodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepews andFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthe countrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marches tostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCalifornia forbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity. ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFather Estradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanos separadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusually onewithaPentecostalflavour.Theconvertsmayhavefollowedoneofthe evangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetata spiritualrockconcertorpicnic.Idon’tworrybutIfindittobe challengingsaysFatherEstrada.Some68%ofHispanics inAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentrea think-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirth ratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswho arefastgainingmarketshareasGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionat ClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatino CatholicshaveconvertedandthatforeveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholic Churchfourleaveit.Themainreasonhethinksis ethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholic sermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishor Polish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliar fromthemothercountry.Theevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthan Catholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthe wholeday.Womenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeach pastorthanintheCatholicChurch.Theevangelical churchesarealsomoreexperientialsaysSamuelRodriguezathird- generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNational HispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.In theCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthrough hierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovide directaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththegiftsof theHolySpirit1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfor divinehealing.ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericato reconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecrosssaysMr. Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenot onlycovenantfaithandrighteousnesstheverticalpartaswhite evangelicalsdobutalsocommunitypublicpolicyandsocialjusticethe horizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.To Latinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthe churchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatching youngmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants. ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapolitical forcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.Manyofthewhiteshaveveeredhard righthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthough lesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditional marriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthatmom anddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs.Thatsame pragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayfor themandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatino evangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsby eitherparty.ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthat changesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheir shareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalf describingthemselvesascharismaticsaccordingtothePewreport. Charismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsome aspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythe speakingintongues.Latinocharismaticsseethemselves asarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches. AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewing ChristianityinAmerica.Thatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchanges turnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope. WhatdoFatherEstradameanbyseparatedbrothersPara3Line2
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute.Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude:·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephonesWiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources.48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed."49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart."Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtotheauthorapplyingbiotechnologytoindustry
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. TheworddepletedLine2Paragraph3canbesubstitutedby
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Theswinefluwillprobablyreturnin forceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficials predictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopen ratherthaninOctoberorNovember.Theswinefluis stillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhough hotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosowe expectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregating togetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCenters forDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheld jointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstill unclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenand officialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthatthey expecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplanto distributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenand peoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfast seedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhether immune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe; adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. Clinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanother coupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenter forBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Assumingaswine fluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasized butshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotand aswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．has beencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditis mimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshe said.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesarein childrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincluding pregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’s unpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcases andoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermost importantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefully expecttherewillbechallengesinthefall. WhichofthefollowingquestionsisnotincludedinthosequestionsPara5Line1
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. Dr.Vink'sresultsmustbeinterpretedwithcarebecause
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census.JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad.41._______________AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds.42._______________Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent.SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences.43._______________SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999.OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization:—Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999;—Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent;—Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent.44.______________ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid.Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999.45.______________"Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRiche. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 44
Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Theauthormentionshisfamilystoryinparagraph4toshowthat
Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Ifapersondrinkssilverteaduringhisgoldenyearswecansaythat
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Text3QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield.Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale.OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay.ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. oracle'scurrentdifficultytotakeoverPeopleSoftisthat
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Theswinefluwillprobablyreturnin forceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficials predictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopen ratherthaninOctoberorNovember.Theswinefluis stillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhough hotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosowe expectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregating togetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCenters forDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheld jointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstill unclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenand officialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthatthey expecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplanto distributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenand peoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfast seedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhether immune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe; adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. Clinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanother coupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenter forBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Assumingaswine fluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasized butshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotand aswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．has beencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditis mimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshe said.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesarein childrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincluding pregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’s unpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcases andoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermost importantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefully expecttherewillbechallengesinthefall. Whatmeasureswillbetakenduetothepotentialinsufficiencyofswinefludoses
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census.JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad.41._______________AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds.42._______________Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent.SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences.43._______________SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999.OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization:—Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999;—Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent;—Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent.44.______________ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid.Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999.45.______________"Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRiche. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 42
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankand. Strangethingshavebeenhappeningto England.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireinthe years2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenoteven British.AsthecherishedUnitedKingdombreaksintoits3 partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh. ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe 5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.First cametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.Invasion afterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemed tofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionism fromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’s justEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseas lashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofvicious industrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H. Lawrencethoughtbythetragedyofuglinessitsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11 onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometo FalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeasty denofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetin themidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstay ofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpof history15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolving at16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethan threeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirst timesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolonger haveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpson bybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment. Theold20ofapubasaplaceforasessionalengthy restfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute.Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude:·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephonesWiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources.48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed."49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart."Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresourcessaysRenner.
Directions: A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteonessayin160—200words B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints: 1problemsariseoutoftheincreaseoftheprivatecars 2giveyourcounter-measure. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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