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木兰属植物托叶痕的特征是 ① 。
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木兰科与毛茛科相同的特征有
均为草本
雄蕊多数且离生
环状托叶痕
聚合果
含油细胞
与含笑属植物相比较木兰属植物
枝条上有环状托叶痕
花顶生
雄蕊群与雌蕊群间有间隔
聚合果
简述木兰科植物的主要形态特征它们在我国园林绿化上有何重要价值木兰属含笑属和鹅掌楸属三个属间如何区别
蔷薇科植物的特征是
核果
托叶
浆果
马褂木叶形奇特叶柄和枝上都有环状托叶痕属于科树木
桑科
木棉科
槭树科
木兰科
茎的主要形态特征是
节和节间
叶痕
皮孔
托叶痕
芽鳞痕
唇形科植物的茎
具明显的皮孔
呈三角形
中空
具环状托叶痕
呈方形
蓼科植物最明显的识别特征是膜质托叶鞘
木兰科中有托叶且花腋生的树种有
下列对木兰科树种冬态描述不正确的是
有长短枝之分
叶痕互生，枝条节部有环状托叶痕
顶芽发达，近柄芽
叶迹为单迹多叶隙
小枝具环状托叶痕的植物是
桑科和木兰科
木兰科和柿树科
榕属和木兰科
蔷薇科和含笑属
简述木兰属植物的识别特征列举你认识的5种或品种木兰属植物
木兰科的主要特征
萼片常为花瓣状
雄蕊，心皮为螺旋状排列
有环形托叶痕
花大长生于顶端
虽然与木兰科植物均为枝干上具环状托叶痕但榕属植物
花大而美丽
聚合果
具乳汁
托叶痕脱落
当花果性状不存在肘在野外可借这一特征识别木兰科
木本
托叶环
单叶互生
叶革质
木本植物托叶环明显体内有油细胞有香气的科是
樟科
蓼科
桑科
芸香科
木兰科
桑科榕属和均有托叶环痕但前者茎叶具白色乳汁可与后者相区别
木兰科
蔷薇科
夹竹桃科
豆科
芸香科
桑科榕属和均有托叶环痕但前者茎叶具白色乳汁可与后者相区别
蔷薇科
木兰科
蝶形花科
锦葵科
莎草科植物的茎
呈方形
呈三角形
中空
具明显的皮孔
具环状托叶痕
下列科内花卉的枝条上有明显托叶痕的是
豆科
木兰科
山茶科
天南星科
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KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun.ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves.NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth.Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance.Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. Theauthor'sattitudetowardMrRibeiro'sviewseemstobe
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere.TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908.ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings.Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong."Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. Theprofessionalsaccordingtothetexthavemadeamistakein
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashionitisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingatforhoweverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtodayitispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetryhoweverthecaseisratherdifficultforwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature. ThisinbriefiswhattheFuturistsays:foracenturypastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedinguptillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequentlyourfeelingsthoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.ThisspeedingupoflifesaystheFuturistrequiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetooifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwordsunhamperedbystopsorqualifyingadjectivesorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepageandshortenorlengthenwordsatwill. Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms. ThisthoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetrycanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesamenothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis__________.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationsnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsetsthesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesswarmingaroundahive.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatispromptappropriateeffectiveandself-limiting. Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnon-self.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornon-selfmoleculestheimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheinvaders.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Ratherimmunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanon-selfmoleculethesystemhastheabilitytorememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmoleculestheimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodiespassedduringlactation哺乳期thisso-calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamilyyourimmunesystemmustlearnfromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenon-selfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobesinwhichwelive.Learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnon-selfinvader. Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualexceptanidenticaltwinwhosecellscarryidenticalself-markersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeignitrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimarynon-antigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes抗原决定基whichstickoutfromitssurface.Mostantigenseventhesimplestmicrobescarryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurfacesomemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnon-selfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.Theresultcanbeso-calledautoimmunedisease.Thepainfulsideeffectsofthesediseasesarecausedbyaperson’’simmunesystemactuallyattackingitself Therememberingpowerofaperson’’simmunesystemis
Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationsnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsetsthesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesswarmingaroundahive.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatispromptappropriateeffectiveandself-limiting. Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnon-self.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornon-selfmoleculestheimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheinvaders.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Ratherimmunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanon-selfmoleculethesystemhastheabilitytorememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmoleculestheimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodiespassedduringlactation哺乳期thisso-calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamilyyourimmunesystemmustlearnfromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenon-selfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobesinwhichwelive.Learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnon-selfinvader. Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualexceptanidenticaltwinwhosecellscarryidenticalself-markersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeignitrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimarynon-antigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes抗原决定基whichstickoutfromitssurface.Mostantigenseventhesimplestmicrobescarryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurfacesomemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnon-selfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.Theresultcanbeso-calledautoimmunedisease.Thepainfulsideeffectsofthesediseasesarecausedbyaperson’’simmunesystemactuallyattackingitself Theprincipaltaskoftheimmunesystemisto
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. DavidGraddolpredictsthatthethrivingperiodofEnglishwill
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashionitisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingatforhoweverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtodayitispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetryhoweverthecaseisratherdifficultforwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature. ThisinbriefiswhattheFuturistsays:foracenturypastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedinguptillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequentlyourfeelingsthoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.ThisspeedingupoflifesaystheFuturistrequiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetooifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwordsunhamperedbystopsorqualifyingadjectivesorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepageandshortenorlengthenwordsatwill. Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms. ThisthoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetrycanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesamenothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged Whenanovelliteraryideaappearspeopleshouldtryto__________.
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text2Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun.ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves.NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth.Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance.Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. ThenarrationoftheEuropeanmodelinthesecondParagraphimpliesthat
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
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