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被恩格斯称作“悲剧之父”的是古希腊悲剧作家( )。
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安德洛玛克和费得尔这两部取材于古希腊的悲剧作家是
高乃依
莱辛
拉辛
莎士比亚
悲剧发源于古希腊由春季祭祀酒神仪式上的酒神颂演变而成 古希腊产生了三大悲剧作家下列不属于古希腊悲剧作
埃斯库罗斯
欧里庇得斯
阿里斯托芬
索福克勒斯
古希腊三大悲剧作家是
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
阿里斯多芬
欧里庇得斯
关于古代希腊罗马的描述准确的是①罗马国家共和后期最高的行政和监督机构是元老院②安息国是中国古代对希腊
①③⑤
②③④⑥
①②③
①④⑤⑥
古代希腊的三大悲剧作家之一也是埃格曼侬的作者的是
下列属于古希腊悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯作品的是
《俄狄浦斯王》
《波斯人》
《美狄亚》
《和平》
古希腊三大悲剧作家有各自的代表作品分别是
古典悲剧俄狄浦斯王是古希腊剧作家的作品
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
欧里庇得斯
毕达哥拉斯
是古希腊三大悲剧作家之首被认为是悲剧的真正创作者
忒斯庇斯
莎士比亚
索福克勒
埃斯库罗斯
古希腊最伟大的悲剧作家
古希腊悲剧作家索福克勒斯的代表作品是
《俄底浦斯王》
《荷马史诗》
《天方夜谭》
《阿拉丁和神灯》
古希腊三大悲剧作家
不属于古希腊三大悲剧作家的是
埃斯库罗斯
阿里斯托芬
索福克勒斯
欧里庇得斯
古希腊的是著名的悲剧作家他的代表作是俄底浦斯王
下列剧作家中哪一位不是古希腊的悲剧作家
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
欧里庇得斯
毕达哥拉斯
________________是古希腊悲剧作家索福克勒斯的代表作品之一
是古希腊三大悲剧作家之首被认为是悲剧的真正创作者
忒斯庇斯
莎士比亚
索福克勒
埃斯库罗斯
古希腊三大悲剧作家是
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
荷马
欧里庇得斯
古典悲剧被缚的普罗米修斯是古希腊剧作家的作品
埃斯库罗斯
索福克勒斯
欧里庇得斯
毕达哥拉斯
希腊戏剧是希腊文明的一项重要成果是举世闻名的古希腊三大悲剧作家
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Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 41
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive. Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed. Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse. Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces. TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang. Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse. Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos. Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore. Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino. FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid. Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown. Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults."Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcess"hesaid."Inasensewegotboth." AccordingtothetexttheLosAlamosexperimenthasreportedthat
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Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. BysigninganewFTAwithKoreaSOKU.S.wishesto
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 43
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. AccordingtosomeeconomiststherapidlyincreasingnumberofFTAshasthelurkinghazardof
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthenewschool
Directions:ProfessorWangyourseniormiddleschoolEnglishteacherhasbeenteachingforexactlythirtyyears.Yourformerclassmatesaregoingtoholdapartytocelebratethisspecialoccasion.Youcannotattendthepartyforacertainreason.SoyouaregoingtowritealettertoProfessorWangtoexpressyourcongratulationsaswellasyourapologyforfailingtoshowupintheparty.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive. Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed. Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse. Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces. TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang. Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse. Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos. Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore. Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino. FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid. Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown. Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults."Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcess"hesaid."Inasensewegotboth." AccordingtothetextNeutrinosarekindsofparticlesthat
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheestablishmentoftheschoolinLambeth
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." WhathadBuchwaldexperiencedbeforeenteringthehospice
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Fromothercountries’successfulexperienceBritaincanlearnthat
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthegrowingFTAactivities
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." Wecaninferfromthetextthathospiceisaplace
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