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属于水肿肺损不治的是（）
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属于水肿肺损不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腹肿无纹理
脐满反肿
属于水肿肺损不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
脐满反肿
属于水肿脾败不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹理
脐满反肿者
腰肿无纹理
属于水肿肝败不治的是
掌肿无纹理
腰肿无纹理
面肿苍黑
阴肿不起
唐代孙思邈提出水肿五不治是
面肿苍黑，是肝败不治
掌肿无纹理，是心败不治
腰肿无纹理，是肺败不治
阴肿不起者，是肾败不治
脐满反肿者，是脾败不治
属于水肿脾败不治的是
脐满反肿者
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
属于水肿肺损不治的是
脐满反肿者
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
药物所致肺疾病的主要病损有
肺间质浸润
肺水肿
肺动脉__
淀粉样病变
属于水肿肝败不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
脐满反肿者
属于水肿脾败不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
脐满反肿
属于水肿心败不治的是
面肿苍黑
掌肿无纹理
阴肿不起
腰肿无纹理
脐满反肿
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WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. AccordingtotheWhitePaperthelawcourt
动脉粥样硬化斑块发生的继发性改变包括
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause__________.
关于肠易激综合征排便特点的叙述正确的是
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. Itwouldcausemuchargumentandresistanceif
关于乳腺肿块的叙述正确的是
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.46Tomakerepaymentforthisoffensesocietymustgetequallybalancedwhichcanbedoneonlyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.47Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.48Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves. Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.49Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeputintooperationthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemovedprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.50Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsocietyandhisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart. Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.46Tomakerepaymentforthisoffensesocietymustgetequallybalancedwhichcanbedoneonlyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.47Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.48Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves. Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.49Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeputintooperationthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemovedprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.50Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsocietyandhisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause_________________.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
膀胱癌的病因包括
和体表面积有一定比例关系的指标是
1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Theauthorpointsoutthatthoughtfulscientists
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Mostscientificpapersturnouttobe
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire. Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
交感神经兴奋时可引起
RF阳性见于
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. ConcerningthereasonforthefastgrowthofcrimeinBritain
必须积极治疗的无症状细菌尿患者是
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. AccordingtotheauthorthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto_________________.
隐性肺癌的病理特点包括
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
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