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(91～93题共用题干) 男性，45岁。2年多来活动后心悸，逐渐加重，5年前体检时曾被告知有心脏病。查体：BPl40/50mmHg，心叩诊浊音界，向左下扩大呈靴形。其治疗是
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Text3 Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablisha moodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsand gesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceor behavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iam likeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestform ofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateif banaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhotthese lastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune. Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopingan unconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthe hypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseeme forhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou. Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheir memorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions. Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommon groundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacing statementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsand thesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthe customer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebest investmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficult subject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat. Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.The agenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoa positionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwho agreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhis customerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsof lifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-on withargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponse oftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.The mostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthan withwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageand thoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetone rhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’s posturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguage ofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthat feelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Ill essencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanism sharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathingin andoutwiththecustomer.WhichstatementisNOTnecessarilytrue
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Theworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoice betweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefor decadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid. FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlaus ToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlook GEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicture painted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleaders intoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableak outlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmade todayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeand otherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependit said.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定ranging fromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharing sustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercent oftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthe populationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandand animalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeing belched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels. 47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplessland droughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandand animalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthe greedpolicyroute.Inthedecadesincethefirstworld earthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebird specieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsand oneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforests arebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorinto theseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution. Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetand theglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale. 49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealso beingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’s stockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereport said.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentminister stressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救. Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthe sakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummiton SustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totake urgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50Ourthemefor Johannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtoset clearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivation withoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcrete actionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpolitical declarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhave hundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties. Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededto implementthesedealsheadded.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheating upandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.Accordingtonewsreports theSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpanda chosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundin Sichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresent totheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeace andharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportrays WhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsand eatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapanda does.42__________.Fortunatelythereareothercandidatesfor thehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Now there’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.When thetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;When atigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwild swine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase. Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuch as80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftanduses cleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.Isitnottheidealanimaltorepresentthe athleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfor theOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemost predatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Under normalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritsprey withfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathleteto winamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedouta verysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergetting intothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyour tank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeed ofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.In thelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththe numberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.I wouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008Olympicmascotshouldbeananimal thatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesand theirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthe giantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindother foodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infact thegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatrisk ofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympic mascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeant extrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebrought togetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C. Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatiger mascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008Beijing OlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatno onerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.Infacttheydidnotrememberthe mascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics. D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbythe BeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice. E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbe thoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.Doesthatnotmakethe tigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stop athletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthe bestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChina forthousandsofyears.Withitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowerthe ChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008 Olympics!
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofa humanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonly withinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewborn babylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueof highriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightor bornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensive careandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysical problemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhas developedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwith thefirstthreemonthsoflife.Dozensofmajorhospitals throughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirected byneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfor tinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—an electronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterile accesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehim lookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateand recordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswell assignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitals withnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsas theneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications. Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisunder theageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetes heartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoften attendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthe newborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebaby istestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryif needed.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity. Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiespremature infantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditionto thetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanageless ingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobis torocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyage doctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects. onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsand specialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesin theUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressively high90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescould bebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insome hospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportable isoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopteror ambulance.Whatisthemostcommoncauseofinfantdeaths
Text3 Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablisha moodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsand gesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceor behavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iam likeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestform ofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateif banaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhotthese lastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune. Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopingan unconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthe hypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseeme forhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou. Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheir memorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions. Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommon groundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacing statementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsand thesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthe customer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebest investmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficult subject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat. Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.The agenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoa positionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwho agreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhis customerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsof lifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-on withargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponse oftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.The mostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthan withwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageand thoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetone rhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’s posturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguage ofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthat feelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Ill essencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanism sharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathingin andoutwiththecustomer.ThewordrapportSentence1Paragraph1probablymeans______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
抗胆碱能药一般不用于下列哪种情况
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
Text4 Spaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhen ordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscan leaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthe moonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggroup recentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesas aviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.The greatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyof gettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandrisky proposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosend probestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthaveto followmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesin ordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergyto comeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemany centuries.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventive plansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresence literallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsof currentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwould rideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsfor hoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.Reachlow orbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fiction authorRobertA.Heinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalysts agreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststep becausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependonthe orbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiple hunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalready immediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloads aredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellites jostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthor bitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecominga spaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalsto desktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffina bigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolar systems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.Thepressingdemandfor launcheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwith RSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigand createa34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbe towedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Themajordifficultyindevelopingspacetravelisthat______.
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheating upandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.Accordingtonewsreports theSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpanda chosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundin Sichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresent totheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeace andharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportrays WhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsand eatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapanda does.42__________.Fortunatelythereareothercandidatesfor thehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Now there’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.When thetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;When atigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwild swine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase. Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuch as80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftanduses cleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.Isitnottheidealanimaltorepresentthe athleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfor theOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemost predatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Under normalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritsprey withfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathleteto winamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedouta verysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergetting intothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyour tank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeed ofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.In thelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththe numberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.I wouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008Olympicmascotshouldbeananimal thatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesand theirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthe giantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindother foodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infact thegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatrisk ofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympic mascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeant extrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebrought togetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C. Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatiger mascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008Beijing OlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatno onerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.Infacttheydidnotrememberthe mascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics. D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbythe BeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice. E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbe thoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.Doesthatnotmakethe tigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stop athletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthe bestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChina forthousandsofyears.Withitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowerthe ChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008 Olympics!
Directions: Yourentahousethroughanagency.Theheatingsystemhasstoppedworking.Youphonedtheagencyaweekagobutitstillhasnotbeenrepaired.Writealettertotheagency.Yourlettershouldbebasedonthefollowingoutline: 1stateyourpurpose; 2explainthesituation; 3tellthemwhatyouwantthemtodoaboutit. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseFanChenginsteadYoudonotneedtowritetheaddress.
下列激素中哪一个不是腺垂体合成和分泌的
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.19
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Theworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoice betweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefor decadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid. FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlaus ToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlook GEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicture painted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleaders intoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableak outlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmade todayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeand otherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependit said.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定ranging fromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharing sustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercent oftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthe populationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandand animalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeing belched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels. 47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplessland droughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandand animalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthe greedpolicyroute.Inthedecadesincethefirstworld earthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebird specieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsand oneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforests arebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorinto theseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution. Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetand theglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale. 49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealso beingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’s stockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereport said.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentminister stressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救. Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthe sakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummiton SustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totake urgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50Ourthemefor Johannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtoset clearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivation withoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcrete actionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpolitical declarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhave hundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties. Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededto implementthesedealsheadded.
Text2 Parentscaneasilycomedownwithan acutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthe stateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsare betterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsarein terribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpoverty tothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsas testscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscores minimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areup somebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademic courses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskills includingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandated suchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformers suchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.These expertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimproving thequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingtheway schoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworserather thanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceor trueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethat raisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswers doesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogically andindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-tough approachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomto giveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdraineven furtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocut throughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedby differentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelike inthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandthe expectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfind theirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshave measurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksof thoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingthe skillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter. Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadethe schoolsworse.Peoplewhothinkschoolsaxenotdoinganybetterbasetheirjudgmentonthe______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofa humanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonly withinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewborn babylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueof highriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightor bornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensive careandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysical problemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhas developedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwith thefirstthreemonthsoflife.Dozensofmajorhospitals throughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirected byneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfor tinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—an electronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterile accesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehim lookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateand recordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswell assignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitals withnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsas theneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications. Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisunder theageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetes heartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoften attendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthe newborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebaby istestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryif needed.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity. Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiespremature infantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditionto thetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanageless ingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobis torocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyage doctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects. onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsand specialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesin theUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressively high90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescould bebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insome hospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportable isoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopteror ambulance.Thefollowingstatementsarethereasonswhythesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesintheUnitedStateshasrisenEXCEPT______.
下列关于人体内多数血管的神经支配的叙述哪一项是正确的
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheating upandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.Accordingtonewsreports theSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpanda chosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundin Sichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresent totheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeace andharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportrays WhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsand eatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapanda does.42__________.Fortunatelythereareothercandidatesfor thehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Now there’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.When thetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;When atigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwild swine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase. Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuch as80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftanduses cleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.Isitnottheidealanimaltorepresentthe athleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfor theOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemost predatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Under normalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritsprey withfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathleteto winamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedouta verysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergetting intothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyour tank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeed ofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.In thelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththe numberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.I wouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008Olympicmascotshouldbeananimal thatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesand theirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthe giantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindother foodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infact thegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatrisk ofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympic mascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeant extrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebrought togetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C. Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatiger mascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008Beijing OlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatno onerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.Infacttheydidnotrememberthe mascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics. D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbythe BeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice. E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbe thoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.Doesthatnotmakethe tigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stop athletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthe bestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChina forthousandsofyears.Withitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowerthe ChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008 Olympics!
静息电位的实测值同K+平衡电位的理论值相比较绝对值
Text2 Parentscaneasilycomedownwithan acutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthe stateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsare betterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsarein terribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpoverty tothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsas testscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscores minimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areup somebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademic courses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskills includingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandated suchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformers suchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.These expertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimproving thequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingtheway schoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworserather thanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceor trueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethat raisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswers doesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogically andindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-tough approachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomto giveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdraineven furtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocut throughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedby differentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelike inthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandthe expectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfind theirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshave measurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksof thoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingthe skillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter. Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadethe schoolsworse.Accordingtotheauthorthedrop-outrateofschoolchildrenisoftencausedbythe______.
下列情况中使脉压增大的因素是
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofa humanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonly withinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewborn babylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueof highriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightor bornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensive careandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysical problemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhas developedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwith thefirstthreemonthsoflife.Dozensofmajorhospitals throughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirected byneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfor tinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—an electronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterile accesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehim lookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateand recordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswell assignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitals withnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsas theneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications. Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisunder theageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetes heartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoften attendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthe newborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebaby istestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryif needed.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity. Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiespremature infantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditionto thetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanageless ingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobis torocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyage doctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects. onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsand specialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesin theUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressively high90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescould bebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insome hospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportable isoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopteror ambulance.Doctorshaverecentlydiscoveredthat______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Thetermauthorityreferstotherights inherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters; they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.It wastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3 themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits 4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementposition hascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemuse theyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’sposition withinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7of theindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8the individual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividual holds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshe nolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand 11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurate responsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneis giventherighttodosomethingonealso13a correspondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority 15responsibilitycancreate16fora personandnooneshouldbe17responsiblefor something18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classical writersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityand responsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycould bedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeen delegated.
Text4 Spaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhen ordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscan leaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthe moonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggroup recentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesas aviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.The greatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyof gettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandrisky proposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosend probestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthaveto followmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesin ordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergyto comeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemany centuries.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventive plansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresence literallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsof currentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwould rideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsfor hoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.Reachlow orbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fiction authorRobertA.Heinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalysts agreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststep becausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependonthe orbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiple hunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalready immediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloads aredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellites jostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthor bitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecominga spaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalsto desktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffina bigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolar systems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.Thepressingdemandfor launcheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwith RSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigand createa34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbe towedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.WhichofthefollowingstatementcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage
Text3 Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablisha moodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsand gesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceor behavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iam likeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestform ofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateif banaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhotthese lastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune. Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopingan unconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthe hypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseeme forhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou. Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheir memorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions. Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommon groundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacing statementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsand thesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthe customer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebest investmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficult subject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat. Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.The agenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoa positionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwho agreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhis customerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsof lifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-on withargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponse oftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.The mostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthan withwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageand thoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetone rhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’s posturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguage ofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthat feelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Ill essencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanism sharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathingin andoutwiththecustomer.Themainpointofthisarticleisthat______.
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