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根据以下材料，自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的文章（不要写成诗歌）。 你可以选择穿越沙漠的道路和方式，所以你是自由的；你必须穿越这片沙漠，所以你又是不自由的。
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A Mostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureagreeAnimalscan’ttalkbutcantheylieinotherwaysCantheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehaviorAnimalexpertsmaynotcallitlyingbuttheydoagreethatmanyanimalsfrombirdstochimpanzeesbehavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.WhyDishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive. Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranimals.Forexampleabirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsyoung.Whenapredator猎食动物getsclosetoitsnesttheploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.HowItpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthehurtadultleavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest. Anotherkindofbirdthescrubjayburiesitsfoodsoitalwayshassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhereothersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtoknowwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklaterunburythefoodandburyitagainsomewhereelse. Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.HowTheydon’tmakenests.Insteadtheygetintootherbirds’nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.Whenthebabybirdscomeouttheiradoptiveparentsfeedthem. Chimpanzeesorchimpscanalsobesneaky.Afterafightthelosingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpputsoutitshandtoothechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner’shandandstartfightingagain. Chimpsaresneakyinotherwaystoo.Whenchimpsfindfoodthattheylovesuchasbananasitisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenotherchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatwayotherchimpsdon’thearthemandtheydon’tneedtosharetheirfood. AschildrenmanyofuslearnthesayingYoucan’tfoolMotherNature.Butmaybeyoucan’ttrusthereither. Aploverprotectsitsyoungfromapredatorby______.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
A Mostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureagreeAnimalscan’ttalkbutcantheylieinotherwaysCantheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehaviorAnimalexpertsmaynotcallitlyingbuttheydoagreethatmanyanimalsfrombirdstochimpanzeesbehavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.WhyDishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive. Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranimals.Forexampleabirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsyoung.Whenapredator猎食动物getsclosetoitsnesttheploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.HowItpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthehurtadultleavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest. Anotherkindofbirdthescrubjayburiesitsfoodsoitalwayshassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhereothersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtoknowwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklaterunburythefoodandburyitagainsomewhereelse. Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.HowTheydon’tmakenests.Insteadtheygetintootherbirds’nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.Whenthebabybirdscomeouttheiradoptiveparentsfeedthem. Chimpanzeesorchimpscanalsobesneaky.Afterafightthelosingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpputsoutitshandtoothechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner’shandandstartfightingagain. Chimpsaresneakyinotherwaystoo.Whenchimpsfindfoodthattheylovesuchasbananasitisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenotherchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatwayotherchimpsdon’thearthemandtheydon’tneedtosharetheirfood. AschildrenmanyofuslearnthesayingYoucan’tfoolMotherNature.Butmaybeyoucan’ttrusthereither. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
B Let’ssayyouwanttohitthegymmoreregularlythisyear.HowdoyoumakethathappenConsiderputtingthehabitlooptouse. Here’showitworks: Ahabitisa3-stepprocess.Firstthere’sacuesomethingthattellsyourbraintooperateautomatically.Thenthere’saroutine.Andfinallyarewardwhichhelpsyourbrainlearntodesirethebehavior.It’swhatyoucanusetocreate-orbreak-habitsofyourown. Here’showtoapplyit: Chooseacuelikeleavingyourrunningshoesbythedoorthenpick.areward-sayapieceofchocolatewhenyougethomefromthegym.Thatwaythecueandtherewardbecomeinterconnected.Finallywhenyouseetheshoesyourbrainwillstartlongingfortherewardwhichwillmakeiteasiertoworkoutdayafterday.ThebestpartInacoupleofweeksyouwon’tneedthechocolateatall.Yourbrainwillcometoseetheworkoutitselfasthereward.Whichisthewholepointright WhichofthefollowingbestfitsintheboxwithainTHEHABITLOOP
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
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